Death with Dignity Essay Example For Students

Passing with Dignity Essay Passing with Dignity Physician helped self destruction has for quite some time been a subject of discussion. The individuals who are in favor and the individuals who are especially against it, make persuading contentions on the two sides of this disputable point. In November 2012, individuals of the province of Massachusetts decided on a questionable appeal called the Massachusetts Death with Dignity Initiative. This activity that was vanquished, permitted the individuals of Massachusetts with terminal ailment (an in critical condition quiet is characterized as one who has been given a half year or less to live) the option to ask for and get deadly medications by their doctor so as to take their life. The Death with Dignity activity expressed that before the deadly medications were permitted to be given, the patient mentioning the drug must be intellectually equipped for settling on clinical choices, required to verbally demand them multiple times just as present the solicitation recorded as a hard copy, and have both verbal and composed solicitations saw. The underlying verbal solicitation must be fifteen days preceding the composed solicitation and second oral solicitation. The patients terminal analysis and capacity to settle on social insurance choices should likewise be affirmed by a subsequent specialist (Galvin. ) Before the individuals of the State of Massachusetts decided on the Death with Dignity Activity. Three states had passed the Death with Dignity act: Oregon, Washington, and Vermont. Oregon was the first to pass the Death with Dignity act (DWDA) on October 27, 1997. Since the law was passed in 1997, a sum of 1,050 individuals have had DWDA solutions composed and 673 patients have kicked the bucket from ingesting drugs recommended under the DWDA (Oregon Health Authority. ) For the individuals who are not contradicted to the Death with Dignity Initiative, accept that what is right now occurring in conditions of Oregon, Washington, and Vermont is notable and one day will be embraced by the staying forty-seven states. For the individuals who are restricted, trust one day that the Death with Dignity Initiative will be upset and doctor helped self destruction will again get illicit. dubious issue. Individuals have solid feelings on what they believe is good and bad. The individuals who are particularly against Death with Dignity frequently present the Hippocratic Oath which states: l will endorse regimens to benefit my patients as indicated by my capacity and my Judgment and never damage to anybody. I will give no fatal medication to any one whenever asked, nor recommend any such advice (Ludwig 56) This is the ath every doctor takes upon graduation from clinical school and before being permitted to rehearse medication on people in general. They accept that any doctor that participates in recommending life finishing medications to their terminal patients would abuse the Hippocratic Oath, and in this manner ought not be permitted to rehearse medication. Numerous individuals additionally accept that doctor helped self destruction could inevitably prompt the legitimization of doctor helped self destruction for the individuals who experience the ill effects of ceaseless sickness, the incapacitated, mentally bothered, and the individuals who can't proficiently decide for themselves (Brogden 2001 . They likewise contend that doctors can't precisely anticipate Just to what extent a critically ill individual could live for. Accordingly murdering individuals who could have lived with a terminal ailment for significantly longer than the doctor suspected conceivable. Religion is another contention for the individuals who contradict Death with Dignity In numerous religions doctor helped self destruction is viewed as a transgression against God. In Catholicism: The official situation of the Catholic Church in Rome remains that slaughtering ofa individual, even by a demonstration of exclusion to dispose of affliction, abuses divine law and outrages the pride of the human individual (Death with Dignity National Center. ) And in Mormon: Euthanasia is censured. Any individual who partakes in willful extermination, including helped self destruction, is viewed as having abused the charges of God (Death with Dignity National Center. Religion has influenced numerous people to contradict Death with Dignity for dread they would be strictly aggrieved by their congregation. The individuals who restrict likewise accept that the insurance agencies will squeeze doctors to abstain from utilizing gallant estimates that may spare the lives of critically ill patients so as to cut medicinal services costs. In a clinical atmosphere that is portrayed y soaring expenses for cutting edge innovative treatment and a maturing populace with delayed long periods of incapacity and ailments. .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f , .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f .postImageUrl , .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f , .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f:hover , .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f:visited , .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f:active { border:0!important; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f:active , .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u738e829b45488 8c9c41939f24e74736f .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u738e829b454888c9c41939f24e74736f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Life without Slim Shady/Eminem/Marshal Mathers EssayStrong motivating forces for doctor helped self destruction would be a definitive cost sparing instruments (Miller Meier 1998. ) Therefore patients would not be given each life supporting clinical alternatives accessible to them. The individuals who are supportive of the Death with Dignity activity. Unequivocally accept that doctors have enough information and experience to know when a patients days are numbered. They accept that permitting an individual with a terminal sickness to endure ndlessly until ought to reserve the option to pick demise on their own terms. The option to pass on ought to be a basic opportunity of every individual (Messer. Numerous individuals fear enduring horrifying torment and delayed misery toward the finish of life and of being compelled to proceed with a presence that has lost all significance. On the off chance that demise is inescapable, doctor helped self destruction may give the great passing that in any case gives off an impression of being inconceivable (Girsh 2000. ) They likewise contend that the Hippocratic Oath is obsolete and doesn't satisfy the needs of some cutting edge clinical practices. Numerous clinical chools have everything except quit utilizing the full Hippocratic Oath and are rather permitting understudies to pick options. Also, a developing number of doctors have come to feel that the Hippocratic Oath is deficient to address the real factors of a clinical world that has seen tremendous logical, monetary, political, and social changes, a universe of authorized premature birth, doctor helped self destruction, and epidemics incomprehensible in Hippocrates time (Tyson. ) People who utilize the Hippocratic Oath as an apparatus for their restriction contention are gradually beginning to lose one of their greatest oppositional ools in the battle against the Death with Dignity activity. With respect to religion, a not many that once contradicted doctor helped self destruction are currently effectively supporting it. The Lutheran Church: Advocates of willful extermination, just as of helped have looked to Justify the taking of human life on moral grounds by portraying it as a really sympathetic act focused on the alleviation of human misery. Also, the Unitarian Universalist express: The privilege to self-assurance incorporates the decision of hurried kicking the bucket. Unitarians bolster resistance from indictment for the individuals who, with appropriate protections, respect the equests of in critical condition patients (Death with Dignity National Center. Individuals who bolster doctor helped self destruction trust that progressively strict gatherings will start to acknowledge and embrace these equivalent perspectives, and permit a people option to pick passing over misery. With the remittance of physican helped self destruction, social insurance expenses and prot ection premiums would be decreased. Consider the colossal expense of keeping a withering patient alive for a few more agony enduring months. With the expense of labs, x-beams, drugs, clinic overhead, and so on. The expense to keep a patient alive who needs beyond words soaring. The vast majority need to have the option to leave their kids and grandkids with something when they kick the bucket. Clinical expenses eat into that bequest and frequently leave individuals with practically no cash or even lead to chapter 11 (Messer. ) Physician helped self destruction or Death with Dignity will consistently be a disputable discussion. Regardless of whether individuals are for or agai

Identify and critically evaluate the most significant suitability Essay

Distinguish and fundamentally assess the most huge reasonableness issues influencing Events or the occasions business. What are the possibilities for the future - Essay Example There may likewise be less money related goals corresponded with the musings and the sentiments during and after the occasion, of the individuals who are going to it (Raj and Et. Al., 2008). In the paper, a specific occasion industry will be concentrated comparable to its supportable advancement alongside the standards of maintainable activities inside the business. Different aspects containing their money related elements, ecological impact, natural morals, different supportability issues alongside their advantages, dangers and dangers, corporate social duties toward the buyers, natural review, advertising techniques and advertising, change of atmosphere and its suggestions alongside carbon impressions and spending plans will be taken into the thought in the conversation of this paper. The paper has been centered especially around sport occasions and game occasion industry. As per Jones, maintainable improvement is viewed as the ability to make reasonable turn of events and furthermore gives a guarantee that it can agree to the necessities of the present circumstance without thinking about the capacity of future desires (Jones, 2010). From the natural or ecological perspective, a feasible framework relating with the earth keeps up a consistent flexibly of assets alongside maintaining a strategic distance from abuse of sustainable assets or destructive natural capacities and eventually reduces non-inexhaustible assets partially (Harris, 2000) From the monetary perspective, a manageable improvement centers mostly around performing different activities so as to make a superior future for the individuals. Additionally, it recognizes the circumstances where market costs of the economy don't appropriately coordinate with the outer costs (Harris, 2000). From the social point of view, a supportable framework ought to perform different capacities like appropriate assignment of value; keep up the essentials of social administrations like fitness,

Office Communication Top Ten List Entry #9 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Office Communication Top Ten List â€" Entry #9 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is the ninth entry in our “Top 10? list for you to consider when communicating with our office and applying. Number 9 Attend an information session or recruitment event. While I realize not everyone can make it to New York, if you can the best way to obtain information is to attend an information session.   If you live nearby or are visiting New York this is probably the best way to learn about our programs and how to put together a competitive application.   Due to the large number of visitors and our small staff we are unable to arrange walk in appointments.   You are always welcome to visit and someone will assist you, however we are rarely able to provide extensive individual counseling appointments. If you would like to schedule an information session, which are held every Monday at 6pm and every Friday at 12pm excluding holidays, it is best to send an email to sipa_admission@columbia.edu and then we can confirm the session with you. We also attend recruitment events across the country and internationally as I mentioned in this blog post here. However, you are always welcome to come to the office during business hours and ask a few questions or obtain information.

The United States And The Federal Prison System - 3063 Words

Summary Today in the United States a land that claims to be the freest nation on the face of the Earth more people will wake up inside of a federal/state prison or a county jail cell than in any other country on the planet. As of 2012 this figure was a staggering 2,228,400 (jail 744,500; prison 1,483,900) add in to this the additional sum of just over 5 million people on parole (851,200) and probation (3,942,800) giving us a grand total of over 7 million citizens under some level of Federal or State supervision (Glaze and Herberman). This is up from only 1,840,421 in 1980 a percentage increase of 281.56% (Glaze and Herberman). As of 2012 over half of the inmates in the federal prison system (50.6%) were incarcerated for drug charges (Caron and Golinelli) while according to 2011 statistics just under 17% of state prisoners were locked away for offenses related to illegal substances (Carson and Sabol). The cost of maintaining this level of incarceration is in all honesty a tremendous burden up on both our justice system and our tax base. If you were to go to the website www.drugsense.org you would see their drug war clock which increases by $500 every second based upon the National Drug Control Policy’s 2010 statistics (Drugsense.org). The country needs to make serious changes in order to alleviate this Promethean like burden that has been placed on our tax payers and our infrastructure. Our system desperately needs reform in order to rescue society from these metaphoricalShow MoreRelatedAmerican Prison System Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Prison Systems Introduction In many countries national prisons are operated and supplemented by provinces and state counterparts. Prisoners are held in prisons and jails throughout the country and globally convicted of various crimes and offenses. The nature of the offense determines where the prisoner is held and the lengths of times. There are institutions that vary in level of security in both the state and federal prison system. However, the majority of prisoners areRead MoreEssay on Federal vs. State Policy Comparison1109 Words   |  5 PagesComparison Laws and policies are written in different aspects of the criminal justice system. Some of these policies are written within the federal government and some are written on a smaller scale in the state government. The two seem rather simple to understand on the surface. The federal government handles the entire United States whereas the state government handles just what it says and that is within that specific state, such as New Jersey (N.J.). The following paper will contain information whichRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Correctional System1483 Words   |  6 PagesCorrectional System Nicholas Russo CJC 3010 10/20/2014 Throughout history, there has been many different methods for corrections. 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Albeit as it may that the agency’s establishment fails to loom too far into the crevices of history, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has surpassed a multitude of platforms that has propelled its strengths today far beyondRead MoreJails and Prison Comparison1067 Words   |  5 PagesJails and Prisons Comparison University of Phoenix CJA/234 Ms. Pamela Collinshill June 25, 2013 Introduction: For more than two hundred years the United States has used incarceration to punish any and all criminals. Jails and prisons are the institutions that judges send criminals to so they can serve time depending on the seriousness of the crime that the individual has committed. Being incarcerated is the humane form of punishment that isRead MoreBureau of Prisons Regulatory Agency1295 Words   |  6 PagesBureau of Prisons Regulatory Agency Health Care is not just of concern to the private sector. Health Care reaches into the prison system as well. 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Theme Of Sin In Hamlet - 1956 Words

When King Hamlet’s ghost tells Prince Hamlet that he was murdered by his ruthless brother, Claudius, he commands the prince to avenge â€Å"his foul and most unnatural murder† (1.5.25). Hamlet chooses to obey the ghost and seek vengeance, rather than justice. William Shakespeare uses Hamlet (appx. 1599) as an example of the nature and consequences of sin in the world, which is highlighted by five specific themes; one per each act. The first act’s theme is the actual â€Å"Fall† itself, while the second’s is acting and spying. The third act’s theme is guilt, the fourth’s is deception and madness, and lastly, the fifth and final act’s theme is death. The theme, of sin, is â€Å"fully absorbed into the aesthetic DNA of imagery, language, and character.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"If thou didst ever thy dear father love†¦ Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (1.5.23-25). From the Fall grows a new sin; obsession. Hamlet begins to obsess over what to do, if the ghost is even real, and if revenge is even his to take. â€Å"What buckles under the pressure of the apparition is the notion of likeness†¦ that underwrites Hamlet’s recollection of his father, or, rather, the ratio or likeness and difference threatens to collapse.† (Greenblatt 192) Because of the original sin and the Fall, Hamlet is trapped. Claudius has â€Å"covered his tracks so well that he is vulnerable only to a secret revenge† and Hamlet believes that he must take it (Gilles 418) The second act of the play’s theme is repercussions of the Fall and broken trust. Prince Hamlet has devoted himself to plotting his father’s revenge, but after spending so much time on such difficult and contemplative issues, he has gone a bit â€Å"mad† (both literally and also, for show). His mother, Gertrude, and the new King, Claudius, begin to worry about his behavior. During this time, Polonius, a Lord, suggests that Hamlet is perhaps acting insane because he secretly desires his daughter, Ophelia, and is deeply in love with her. Claudius agrees to spy in on Hamlet and Ophelia as they are conversing to see if what Polonius has said is true and he deduces that Hamlet is mad, alright, but not with love for Ophelia; he orders her to a nunnery and even declares thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet 903 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing wrong for something that he or she didn’t commit. It is based on the old saying ‘an eye for an eye principle’ and isn’t the best way to deal with conflicts, especially when it involves family members. In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Hamlet†, Laertes, Hamlet, and the younger Fortinbras all had thoughts of vengeance for the deaths of their fathers. Although they acted on their emotions, but their methods of doing so was entirely different. 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A theme of a book is usually seen as a universal in nature because when a theme is universal, it touches on human experience. Sometimes there are multiple themes to a story and they may or may not be stated directly. Religion is a theme found throughout the stories of Gilgamesh, Beowulf, The Canterbury Tales, and Hamlet. The theme of religion isRead MoreAppearence vs. Reality in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pages amp;#65279;Appearance vs. Reality nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, there is a dominant and overwhelming theme that is concurrent throughout the play. Throughout the play, all the characters appear as one thing on the outside, yet on the inside they are completely different. The theme of appearance versus reality surrounds Hamlet due to the fact that the characters portray themselves as one person on the outside, and one different on the inside. In the play, ClaudiusRead MoreGuilt Theme in Shakespeare785 Words   |  4 Pagesare not careful and don’t deal with the problem it can literally eat you alive. William Shakespeare uses the theme of guilt in two of his most famous plays, Macbeth and Hamlet. In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth starts to regret her decision in supporting Macbeth in murdering Duncan. In Hamlet, Claudius carries around the guilt of killing King Hamlet and doesn’t find it a problem until he realizes Hamlet knows what he did. Both circumstances in each play support a famous quote by Lady Macbeth about the truthRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1003 Words   |  5 PagesIn Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, women also remain within a confined space of their chastity that is dictated by men. Claudius’ manipulation of Gertrude defines her submissive character as a woman. The family in Ophelia’s life command her actions due to viewing the purpose of her existence to be innocent. Ophelia is also driven to madness at the mercy of Hamlet, taking her own life. Shakespeare uses the few women in Hamlet, who are portrayed as sinful and weak-willed by being manipulated by men, toRead MoreEssay about Appearance vs. Reality in William Shakespeares Hamlet1007 Words   |  5 PagesAppearance vs. Reality in William Shakespeares Hamlet In Hamlet, one of Shakespeares greatest tragedies, there is a prevailing theme that is concurrent throughout the play. Throughout the play, all the characters appear to be one thing on the outside, yet on the inside they are completely different. The theme of appearance versus reality is prominent in Hamlet because of the fact that the characters portray themselves different from what they really are. In the playRead More Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesRevenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Revenge. Revenge causes one to act blindly through anger, rather than through reason. It is based on the principle of an eye for an eye, but this principle is not always an intelligent theory to live by. Young Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet were all looking to avenge the deaths of their fathers. They all acted on emotion, and this led to the downfall of two, and the rise to power of one. Since the Heads of the three major families were each murdered, the eldest

Radio Frequency Identification automated Technology Free Essays

string(51) " assorted utilizations started acquiring explored\." Radio Frequency Identification automated Technology Introduction RFID or Radio Frequency Identification is a contactless automated engineering that makes the usage of wireless moving ridges to place physical objects. It is grouped under the wide class of automatic designation engineerings which besides include saloon codifications, optical character readers and some biometric engineerings, such as retinal scans. All these engineerings are used to cut down the sum of clip and labour needed to input informations manually and to better informations truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Radio Frequency Identification automated Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now While some of the auto-ID engineerings, like saloon codification systems, frequently require a individual to manually scan a label or ticket, RFID captures informations on tickets and transmits it to a computing machine system without necessitating a individual to be involved. The RFID [ 1 ] system consists of a ticket which is made up of a micro chip with a coiled aerial fixed to an object and a reader or inquisitor with an aerial. The micro chip in the ticket has an integrated circuit for hive awaying and treating information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency signal. The bit can hive away every bit much as 2 Ks of informations. The intent of aerial is to have and convey the signal. The reader is needed to recover the informations stored on RFID ticket. It has one or more aerials that emit wireless moving ridges and receive signals back from the ticket. This information is so passed in digital signifier to a computing machine system by the reader. There are three types of RFID Tags- active, inactive or semi-passive. While active RFID ticket usage a battery to power the micro chip ‘s circuitry and broadcast signals to the reader, inactive tickets are powered by the electromagnetic moving ridges sent out by the reader. The 3rd type i.e. semi-passive utilizations both their ain batteries and moving ridges from the reader. Since active and semi-passive tickets are more expensive, they are typically used for higher-value goods that are scanned over longer distances. Though several companies have been utilizing RFID [ 2 ] for more than a decennary, its cost had limited its usage in the yesteryear. For many applications, such as tracking parts for just-in-time fabrication, companies could warrant the cost of tags- a dollar or more per tag- by the nest eggs an RFID system generates. Besides when RFID was used to track assets or reclaimable containers within the company ‘s ain premises, the tickets could be reused doing it cost effectual. But the high cost prevented its big graduated table usage in unfastened supply ironss for tracking goods. In these instances, RFID tickets are put on instances and palettes of merchandises by one company and read by another, due to which they ca n’t be reused. However, in recent times due to be efficient production, RFID has started to be used in Retail industry to extinguish long client charge waiting lines, aircraft industry for luggage direction and so on. History RFID Technology has been around for a long clip about from the early decennaries of the 18th century – its beginning can be approximately traced to around 1920. It was developed in MIT [ 3 ] as a agency of communicating between automatons. The popular predecessors of RFID could be argued to the following two cases:  § Radio frequence was used for designation intents in the IFF transponder installed in aircraft. The IFF [ 4 ] significance Identification, Friend or Foe – was used to place if the winging aircraft was a friend or a enemy. This application was used in World War II by the British to separate between returning flights as enemy occupied the district which was less than 25 stat mis off. This engineering is used boulder clay day of the month in commercial aircraft.  § In 1945, Leon Theremin, created an espionage tool for the Soviet Union. Though this innovation carried no ticket as in RFID, it retransmitted radio frequence with audio information. In 1948, a paper by Harry Stockman titled â€Å" Communication by Means of Reflected Power † ( Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196-1204, October 1948 ) explored the use of RFID. Stockman predicted that â€Å" †¦ considerable research and development work has to be done before the staying basic jobs in reflected-power communicating are solved, and before the field of utile applications is explored.† [ 5 ] With Uranium and atomic engineering deriving importance in the 1960ss, the deathly nature of Uranium led to safety concerns. So employees and equipments were tagged to extenuate such concerns and RFID came into image therefore. This was done in Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) on the petition of Energy section of U.S. Government. Transponders were installed in trucks and readers at the Gatess. The gate aerial would wake up the transponder in the truck, which would react with an ID and potentially other informations, such as the driver ‘s ID. In the 1950ss and 1960ss, RF engineering was researched extensively. Scientists from assorted states demonstrated how distant objects could be identified. This was used in electronic surveillance – this is in usage even today. Objects carry a 1-bit ticket which is turned on or off depending on whether the client has paid or non. The first patent to RFID engineering as used today was registered in 1973 by Mario Cardullo ‘s. Detailss of the patent are as follows: U.S. Patent 3,713,148 on January 23, 1973. The patented merchandise was a inactive wireless transponder with memory, powered by the interrogating signal. It was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port. It consisted of a transponder with 16 spot memory for usage as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the usage of RF, sound and visible radiation as transmittal media. The ticket used had rewritable memory. In 1973, Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) demonstrated the usage of inactive and semi-passive RFID ticket. Around 1977, the engineering was leveraged for civilian intents from LANL – the transferred to two companies – Amtech in New Mexico and Identronix Research in Santa Cruz, California. Therefore, assorted utilizations started acquiring explored. You read "Radio Frequency Identification automated Technology" in category "Essay examples" One of the few experiments carried out was put ining a RFID transponder in a diary cow to supervise ID and temperature. This would assist in analyzing the cow ‘s wellness and prevent overfeeding. Railwaies shifted to RFID after unsuccessful use of Bar codification to maintain path of turn overing stock. By the 1880ss, use of RFID shifted to treat betterment. Cost decrease A ; size decrease were certain illustrations. Over old ages, these devices were commercialized and companies moved to higher frequence range- which offered faster transportation rates. Today, 13.56 MHz RFID systems are used for entree control, payment system and smart cards. In the early 1990s, applied scientists from IBM patented an ultra-high frequence RFID system. UHF offered longer read scope and faster informations transportation. Wide graduated table axial rotation out was initiated by the Army forces – the largest deployment of active RFID was seen in the US Department of Defense. They use active tickets on more than a million transportation containers that travel outside the state. HOW THE TECHNOLOGY WORKS Components and Procedure The basic RFID engineering makes usage of the undermentioned constituents [ 6 ] : 1. Active tags – Active tickets require a power beginning. They are either connected to a powered substructure or utilize energy stored in an incorporate battery. 2. Passive tags – The life-time of a inactive ticket is limited by the stored energy, balanced against the figure of read operations the device must undergo. Passive RFID is of involvement because the tickets do n’t necessitate batteries or care. The ticket besides have an indefinite operational life and are little plenty to suit into a practical adhesive label. 3. Tag reader * The ticket reader is responsible for powering and pass oning with a ticket * The reader emits wireless moving ridges in scopes of anyplace from one inch to 100 pess or more, depending upon its power end product and the wireless frequence used. * When an RFID ticket base on ballss through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader ‘s activation signal. * The reader besides decodes the information encoded in the ticket ‘s integrated circuit ( silicon bit ) and the information is passed to the host computing machine for processing. 4. Tag Antenna * The aerial emits wireless signals to trip the ticket and to read and compose informations to it. * It captures energy and transportations the ticket ‘s ID. * The encapsulation maintains the ticket ‘s unity and protects the aerial and bit from environmental conditions or reagents. The encapsulation could be a little glass phial or a laminal plastic substrate with adhesive on one side to enable easy fond regard to goods. RFID V Barcode Barcode RFID RFID Benefit Example Line of sight Required Not Required No demand to orientate scanned points Number of points that can be scanned One Multiple Very fast stock list count Automation and Accuracy Multiple read mistakes and prone to lose floging Fully automated and extremely accurate Error free stock list count Designation Merely series or type Unique point degree Targeted callback Data Storage Merely a meaningless codification Upto several kilobits Real clip informations entree in any location RFID Standards When an administration trades globally and intends utilizing RFID systems across national boundaries, criterions and ordinances are more of import to guarantee safety and the interoperability of tickets and readers between merchandising spouses. Where an orgainisation wants to run a ‘closed-loop ‘ system which is entirely intended for internal usage within the one administration – so it is comparatively easy to choose and optimize a system for those specific internal demands. RFID is non regulated by one trade organic structure – nevertheless it is in fact influenced by a figure of official organic structures for different facets. Frequencies, power degrees and operating rhythms are regulated in Europe by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) and in the UK by OFCOM. Protocols for communicating between tickets and readers are proposed by a figure organic structures and equipment makers. An administration that is new to the topic of RFID frequently believes that there is one criterion engineering called ‘RFID ‘ when in fact there are assorted frequences, criterions, power degrees, protocols, ticket types and architectures with differing operational and public presentation features. Advantage  · ?Line of sight? [ 7 ] is non required to read a RFID ticket as against a barcode. RFID tagged points can be read even if they are behind other points. There is no demand for physical contact between the informations bearer and the communicating device.  · Because line-of-sight is non required to read RFID tickets, stock list can be performed in a extremely efficient method. For illustration, palettes in a warehouse can be read, inventoried, and their location can be determined no affair where the ticket is placed on the palette. This is because the wireless waves from the reader are strong plenty for the ticket to react regardless of location.  · Line of sight demands besides limit theruggedness of barcodesas good as thereusability of barcodes. ( Since line of sight is required for barcodes, the printed barcode must be exposed on the exterior of the merchandise, where it is capable to greater wear and rupture. ) RFID tickets can besides be implanted within the merchandise itself, vouching greater huskiness and reusability.  · The readability of barcodes can be impaired by soil, wet, scratch, or packaging contours. RFID tickets are non affected by those conditions.  · RFID tickets are really simple to install/inject inside the organic structure of animate beings, therefore assisting to maintain a path on them. This is utile in carnal farming and on domestic fowl farms. The installed RFID tickets give information about the age, inoculations and wellness of the animate beings.  · Barcode [ 8 ] scannershave repeatedly failed in supplying security to gems and jewelries in stores. But presents, RFID tickets are placed inside jewelry points and an dismay is installed at the issue doors.  · Barcodes have no read/write capableness ; that is, you can non add to the information written on a printed barcode. RFID ticket, nevertheless, can be read/write devices ; the RFID reader can pass on with the ticket, and alter as much of the information as the ticket design will let. The RFID tickets can hive away informations up to 2 KB whereas ; the saloon codification has the ability to read merely 10-12 figures.  · An RFID ticket could place the point ( non merely its maker and class ) . Bar codes merely supply a maker and merchandise type. They do n’t place alone points.  · RFID engineering is better than saloon codifications as it can non be easy replicated and hence, it increases the security of the merchandise.  · Human intercession is required to scan a barcode, whereas in most applications an RFID ticket can be detected ?hands off.?  · RFID engineering is a labor-saving engineering. This translates to be nest eggs. Using saloon codification engineering costs, on norm, 7 cents in human labour to scan a saloon codification. In add-on, labour is required to set each label right on each plastic crate holder or panel. Add a cost for label alterations and replacings for â€Å" non clear † codifications. And add another for administrative costs for labels that are n’t read decently, which causes stock list mistakes and non-compliant returns and punishments.  · Tags are available in a great scope of types, sizes and stuffs  · [ 9 ] Relatively low care cost  · Highly low mistake rate Disadvantage  · Dead countries and orientation problems- RFID works similar to the manner a cell phone or radio web does. Like these engineerings, there may be certain countries that have weaker signals or intervention. In add-on, hapless read rates are sometimes a job when the ticket is rotated into an orientation that does non aline good with the reader. These issues are normally minimized by proper execution of multiple readers and usage of tickets with multiple axis aerial.  · Since RFID systems make usage of the electromagnetic spectrum ( like WiFi webs or cellular telephones ) , they are comparatively easy to throng utilizing energy at the right frequence. This could be black in environments like infirmaries or in the armed forces in the field. Besides, active RFID ticket ( those that use a battery to increase the scope of the system ) can be repeatedly interrogated to have on the battery down, thereby interrupting the system.  · Interference [ 10 ] has been observed if devices such as forklifts and walky-talkies are in the locality of the distribution centres. The presence of nomadic phone towers has been found to interfere with RFID wireless moving ridges. Wal-Mart, the retail sector giant, has installed one million millions of RFID tickets in their merchandises throughout the universe and they have encountered such jobs.  · Security concerns- Because RFID is non a line-of-sight engineering like bar-coding, new security issues could develop. For illustration, a rival could put up a high-gain directional aerial to scan tickets in trucks traveling to a warehouse. From the informations received, this rival could find flow rates of assorted merchandises. Additionally, when RFID is used for high-security operations such as payment methods, fraud is ever a possibility.  · Ghost tickets [ 11 ] – In rare instances, if multiple tickets are read at the same clip the reader will sometimes read a ticket that does non be. Therefore, some type of read confirmation, such as a CRC, should be implemented in either the ticket, the reader or the informations read from the ticket.  · Proximity issues [ 12 ] – RFID tickets can non be read good when placed on metal or liquid objects or when these objects are between the reader and the ticket. About any object that is between the reader and the ticket reduces the distance the ticket can be read from.  · High cost- Because this engineering is still new, the constituents and tickets are expensive compared to barcodes. In add-on, package and support forces needed to put in and run the RFID reading systems ( in a warehouse for illustration ) may be more dearly-won to use.  · Unread tags- When reading multiple tickets at the same clip, it is possible that some tickets will non be read and there is no certain method of finding this when the objects are non in sight. This job does non happen with barcodes, because when the barcode is scanned, it is immediately verified when read by a bleep from the scanner and the informations can so be entered manually if it does non scan.  · Vulnerable to damage- Water, inactive discharge or high-octane magnetic rushs ( such as lightning work stoppage ) may damage the ticket.  · Global Standards: RFID has been implemented in different ways by different makers. There still does non be a individual planetary criterion.  · Consumers may besides hold jobs with RFID criterions. For illustration, ExxonMobil ‘s SpeedPass system is a proprietary RFID system. If another company wanted to utilize the convenient SpeedPass they would hold to pay to entree it. On the other manus, if every company had their ain â€Å" SpeedPass † system, a consumer would necessitate to transport many different devices with them. Applications WAL-MART ( RETAIL ) Retail is one country where RFID has been used extensively. It helps in cut downing cost, increasing gross and leads to increased client satisfaction. Increased and accurate information leads to lesser stock list and stock list cost as a consequence goes down. Other than electronic surveillance, stock list trailing, RFID is used for Brand hallmark as good which guarantee that inexpensive replacements are non sold to clients therefore guaranting client satisfactions. Another application of RFID in retail sector is Promotional show deployment. This was a alternate to analyzing selling impact. Asset tracking applications were besides possible through RFID in retail sector. It is used in the undermentioned applications: In-store stock list Management: Physical stock list is clip devouring – using RFID to take stock of stock list reduces clip taken by physical stock pickings by 90 % . This is more accurate and stock pickings can be done several times a twenty-four hours. Therefore, cost is greatly reduced. Brand Authentication: This is used to look into counterfeiting of high-value cosmetics, electronics, dress and pharmaceuticals. This helps in protecting trade name unity by avoiding inexpensive extras. It enhances client satisfaction by guaranting quality and retaining assurance. Asset Trailing: This is used to happen lost assets and path assets – this would assist in more efficient use of assets. This would take to back uping concern processed with lesser figure of assets. Inventory Visibility in the Supply Chain: The prompt stock list tracking prevents stock outs and loss of client satisfaction. This provides sellers with real-time visibleness of stock list in the supply concatenation, bettering prognosis truth and muffling the stock list whipsaw consequence. [ 13 ] Case survey of WAL-MART Wal-Mart and U.S. Department of Defence are the chief drivers of RFID engineering. Wal-Mart could drive this engineering to about everyone who did concern with them due to immense graduated table of operations and really high bargaining power. The retail concatenation gave a deadline to all its providers to go RFID enabled by 2005. The quiver of this move was seen in India and package companies in India gained from this move as they got a batch of undertakings. RFID do n’t look to be as popular in India because RFID can last in organized retail sector and unorganized retail seems the order of the twenty-four hours in this state. How RFID helped: Wal-Mart implemented RFID in 2005 ab initio in seven shops. â€Å"The company has installed RFID readers at the having docks at the dorsum of the edifice, near the rubbish compactors and between the back room and the retail floor. For the instances of goods that are shipped to the shops with RFID tickets, Wal-Mart records their reaching by reading the ticket on each instance and so reads the tickets once more before the instances are brought out to the gross revenues floor. By utilizing gross revenues informations from its bing point-of-sales system, which is non utilizing RFID, Wal-Mart subtracts the figure of instances of a peculiar point that are sold to clients from the figure of instances brought out to the gross revenues floor. Software proctors which points will shortly be depleted from the shelves. It automatically generates a list of points that need to be picked from the back room in order to refill the shop shelves. By reading the tickets on the instances that are brought out from the back room, we ‘re able to see what point s have really been replenished [ 14 ] † says Langford, caput RFID engineering Wal-Mart Supply concatenation is besides expeditiously managed with RFID engineering – Once the client picks the information, the provider is informed about the purchase. This helps cut down BULLWHIP EFFECT. This is achieved through Wal-Mart ‘s Retail Link extranet. Retail employs immense work force in In-Store Receiving, Stocking, look into out and taking stock list. This can be freed with employment of RFID. It would cut down cases of Fraud, stock-outs. It improves supplier-retailer relationship, client service A ; plus direction – â€Å"The right merchandises are available at the right shops at the right time† WESTERN STAR TRUCKS ( FREIGHTLINER ) Freightliner-Western Star Trucks is the taking heavy-duty truck maker headquartered in Portland, USA. The production installations span across united States, which produce a broad scope of heavy responsibility building and public-service corporation trucks, long haul main road tractors, mid scope trucks for distribution and service, and exigency service setup and recreational hauliers. Problems faced [ 15 ] : Freightliner was confronting jobs in footings of increasing costs. It therefore wanted to better efficiency and truth of its resources managing in order to better control fabrication costs. It wanted to follow the motion of assorted parts right from stock list to the mill floor in Portland works. It wanted to accomplish a trailing system that has the undermentioned characteristics: * It should be automatic, so that labor costs associated with stock list handling and trailing could be reduced * It has to be accurate and efficient, so that expensive holds caused by misdirected and erroneous parts managing could be eliminated * It should be easy integrable with bing plus direction databases, in order to farther streamline stock list refilling and resource direction * It should be scalable in order to enable enterprise-wide extension after it is proven in Portland Integration of the bing procedures into the new system was their major job. This called for parts needed on the production line to be put into stock list carryalls, placed on nomadic jerks and so transferred onto the store floor. The empty carryalls were so returned to the warehouse. The Portland installation used about 750 carryalls of different sizes. How RFID helped [ 16 ] : RFID was implemented to work out the above job. RFID tickets were attached to the jerks. The tickets were encoded with the GRAI format that is intended for assignment to single objects and is the corporate criterion for tote designation. The new system identified each carryall and jerk with RFID tickets. Tote and tug motion was so tracked as each passed through one of the two dock door portals equipped with RFID readers and aerials. A dealing reception was so automatically generated and sent to the database on the corporate waiter. The reception inside informations the location, day of the month and clip the dealing occurred, every bit good as the carryall and tug information. The complete parts tracking solution delivered the needful efficiency, truth and ability to pare labour costs. This solution instantly paid off. It reduced labour costs significantly. Inventory pick mistakes reduced in figure and, mis-ships and production lines started having seasonably and right parts.LOCKHEED MARTIN ( DEFENSE ) [ 17 ] Problems faced: Most naval forcess in the US antecedently employed some type of a decoy-launching system, which had been available for many decennaries. The ALEX ( Automated Launch of Expendables ) systems were designed to counter inward enemy anti-ship missiles. When it determined that an anti-ship missile is headed its manner, based on cues from shipboard detectors, the steerers were fired consequently. Decoys deploy stuff such as chaff—aluminum-coated strands of glass or other stuff that emit infrared waves—thus making false marks to confound or counter nearing ASMs, and deviate them from their intended mark. One job naval forcess faced is how to guarantee the right steerer is fired to counter a particular missile menace under conflict conditions. Because there are many types of steerer cartridges, all of a similar size and form, there is a possible for errors being made during the procedure of lading a launcher. Typically, the crew of the combat information centre ( CIC ) room reli ed on informations provided on paper, or over a voice nexus with the steerer lading crew. How RFID helped: The RFID engineering offered ship ‘s forces real-time visibleness into which types of steerers were deployed, every bit good as which barrels they were installed in, and helped guarantee that the proper unit of ammunition is fired off, potentially in a split-second determination, while the vas is under onslaught. The RFID-enabled automatic round-identification system ( ARID ) had been successful with the naval forcess of some states, motivating Lockheed Martin to supply the same characteristic to all of its clients throughout the universe. Mounted onboard the naval forces ‘s battler vass, the steerer launchers, provided by Lockheed Martin, were outfitted with RFID readers, and decoy cartridges were fitted with RFID tickets. Each Lockheed Martin steerer launcher ( typically two, four or six launchers per battler, depending on ship size ) had a set of six tubings, leting 12, 24 or 36 steerers per ship to be loaded and fired. Each launcher contained a low-frequency RFID reader with six channel options for redundancy. The reader was wired to six aerials, one at the base of each barrel. Naval forces attach a little discoid ticket, compliant with the ISO 11784/5 criterions and encoded with a alone ID figure, to the underside of each steerer cartridge. Sailors could so utilize a handheld inquisitor to read the ticket ‘s ID figure and associate it to the type of steerer to which that ticket is attached. When the tagged cartridge is loaded in the launch barrel, the reader identifies the ticket ‘s alone ID figure and transmits that information to the ALEX system. â€Å"To guarantee the RFID system would run decently in the strict environment of a vas at sea, Lockheed Martin put the system through heavy testing† , Porter ( Chief Engineer ) says. â€Å"This included quiver, daze, temperature and wet exposure, every bit good as proving for electromagnetic intervention ( EMI ) with other systems on a ship. The maritime environment is really rugged, so the testing had to be rather strict, † he adds. MUNICH AIRPORT ( AEROSPACE ) [ 18 ] picture_rfid_technology.jpgMunich Airport, the 7th busiest in Europe, served more than 15 million riders and moved more than 100,000 metric dozenss of cargo in the first half of 2009. In July 2009, the airdrome began a trial utilizing Aero Scout ‘s T6 GPS-enabled Wi-Fi active RFID ticket to track cargo dollies, and to incorporate that information into its airdrome procedure direction ( APM ) package. The end was to enable directors to turn up dollies immediately, and to cognize instantly which were available for usage. After acquiring positive consequences from a current pilot undertaking using radio frequence designation to track lading and rider luggage dollies as they move about its outdoor incline, apron and gate countries, Munich Airport has decided to go on utilizing the engineering after the pilot ends in December 2009. The trial showed that tracking cargo dollies prevents holds or breaks due to mislay or lost dollies, improves plus management—by enabling the airdrome to be after in progress for the dollies ‘ usage, every bit good as brand sure they are in the right topographic point at the clip they are needed—and optimizes stock list and care procedures by extinguishing drawn-out hunts for dollies that need to be repaired or inspected due to regulative demands. In add-on, the airdrome will besides be able to bear down lading companies more accurately, based on their usage of rented dollies. As portion of its trial, the airdrome outfitted about 80 freight dollies with RFID tickets. In add-on, it attached tickets to 10 dollies for LD-2 containers, which are used to hive away up to 120 three-dimensional pess of lading, and to two luggage dollies. The tickets were attached to a dolly ‘s frame or to the enlistment used to link one dolly to another.The battery-operated tickets include GPS faculties for finding a dolly ‘s location out-of-doorss. This GPS information is transferred to the cardinal database by the airdrome ‘s bing Wi-Fi web, which covers 15 million square metres of the installation, including the terminuss, aprons, Gatess, hangers and track borders. If a dolly is inside the installation, its ticket detects this, and the system switches manners to cipher the plus ‘s location, based on the specific Wi-Fi entree points that receive the ticket ‘s signal. SOUTHEASTERN CONTAINER ( MANUFACTURING ) [ 19 ] Southeast Container was formed in 1982 as a in private owned company under the ownership of a group of Coca-Cola ® Bottling companies. Today the company operates as a fabricating cooperative with 10 fabricating locations bring forthing plastic bottles. Southeast Container handles about 70 per centum of the bottle production for Coca-Cola in the U.S. and besides works with bottle makers outside of the cooperative. The company keeps quality and service high with a focal point on uninterrupted betterment. Problems faced: With roots in the southeasterly U.S. , Southeastern Container now has ten fabricating installations across the East Coast, Illinois and Wisconsin. At the company ‘s three injection modeling installations, bottle spaces called preforms are manufactured. The plastic preforms are blown into bottles at Southeastern Container ‘s blow-molding installations and at bottle makers outside of the cooperative. The preforms are shipped to bottle fabrication workss in composition board containers or bing plastic bins. Ideally, these containers are returned empty to the injection modeling installations to reiterate the rhythm. However, jobs with this return procedure were bing Southeastern Container 1000s of dollars each twelvemonth. Some containers are lost or damaged in theodolite and must be replaced. In add-on, the design of the bing containers prohibits Southeastern Container from maximising the capacity of transporting dawdlers, ensuing in the company paying to transport â€Å"air† for each burden. Finally, composition board containers are frequently pre-assembled to salvage clip, and the to the full assembled containers take up warehouse floor infinite. In the procedure of transporting one million millions of preforms, these issues add up. How RFID helped: Southeast Container planned to turn to these jobs by replacing the bing containers with a new version— a specialised returnable plastic bin. While the new folding bins were designed to significantly cut down costs and increase efficiency, each of them is about 10 times the cost of a composition board container. Therefore, rhythm numeration was introduced to track bin life-times against the figure of rhythms guaranteed by the maker. â€Å"We decided to rhythm count for stock list control, traceability, and to formalize bin life-time, and we chose RFID tracking as the most effectual method, † said John Underwood, Engineering Manager, Southeastern Container, Inc. â€Å"We already use barcoding extensively, and have looked at RFID on a figure of occasions during the old ages. RFID was the right pick now because it ‘s low-cost and the engineering is at a point where it can supply the dependability and truth we need, † he explained. Southeast Container worked with its spouse, Decision Point systems, to architect an full end-to-end solution to undertake this challenge. The system execution started with a pilot RFID system for rhythm numbering the new bins. The solution includes Motorola fixed RFID readers, Motorola RFID aerial, Motorola RFID rugged hand-held readers, and OAT Systems ‘ Oat Asset Track package. In add-on, Southeastern Container relies on the Motorola Service from the Start plan for fix coverage for its Motorola RFID handheld readers. â€Å"We worked really difficult to analyse the RFID ticket choice with the Motorola devices to maximise successful reads for both full and empty bins, † said Gary Lemay Senior Solutions Architect for Decision Point systems. â€Å"We besides had great success custom-making the Oat Systems package to update both the SQL Server database and supply a web service connexion to Southeastern Container ‘s warehouse system.† The pilot at one injection-molding installation was really successful, and Southeastern Container is continuing with a phased rollout across its operations. When the system was to the full deployed, each of the about 30,000 bins were for good identified with an RFID ticket and tracked utilizing Motorola XR440 fixed RFID readers. In add-on to utilizing the handheld RFID reader at Southeastern Container, the company besides supplies them to the bin maker. As bins were produced, the maker captured the barcode and RFID tag information for each one, enabling Southeast Container to associate the two for guarantee trailing and seller enfranchisement. â€Å"The pilot was really smooth, and the system has proved to be dependable. Once this was to the full rolled out, the ROI improved in less than two old ages, † Underwood said. The benefits included: †¢ Salvaging 1000s of dollars a twelvemonth in transit costs †¢ Reducing container loss and guaranting traceability †¢ Achieving ROI within two old ages of full execution †¢ Supplying accurate informations on bin life-times for guarantee contracts †¢ Establishing a successful use-case with RFID engineering to leverage with a broad scope of future warehouse and stock list control attempts Looking in front, they are even be aftering to see a similar RFID system for real-time trailing of outward cargos.SAIPEM ( ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION ) [ 20 ] Problems faced: Saipem is an Italian technology and building company for subsea oil and gas production. It began seeking a solution to cut down labour hours spent seeking for losing points, every bit good as to diminish the incidence of holds caused by equipment non geting at the right location at the proper clip, or traveling losing wholly. The other challenge Saipem wanted to turn to was safety. The company wanted to happen a system that would extinguish the demand for field operators to mount onto equipment in order to visually turn up a consecutive figure on an point, which they would so hold to manually enter. How RFID helped: The house chose an RFID solution that would enable its direction to cognize the location of equipment on offshore sites throughout the universe, every bit good as allow employees to safely place equipment. The solution, installed by Milan systems planimeter ACM-e, includes inactive ultrahigh-frequency ( UHF ) ticket provided by Omni-ID, which can be read from a distance of 8 metres ( 26 pess ) or more. The ticket needed to be tough, so that they could non merely be read in the presence of steel and H2O, but besides withstand temperatures runing from -60 grades to +50 grades Celsius. Therefore, the tickets were enclosed in an impact- and crush-resistant proprietary stuff specifically chosen for this application. Saipem fastened Omni-ID Max tags to its ain assets, foremost labeling its steel points, so puting tickets on musca volitanss and buoys. When a piece of equipment was found without a ticket, operators could plan a new one, inputting informations sing the point to be linked to the ticket ‘s alone ID number—such as its consecutive figure, description and manufacturer—and so bolting or welding it to the plus. The information related to that point is stored in Saipem ‘s ain proprietary logistics support package, known as NAMASTE. Saipem ‘s staff used a Motorola handheld computing machine with a constitutional RFID inquisitor around the work site, to turn up losing points and to find which points the company had on site. Using the handhelds, workers were able to identity points without mounting onto hemorrhoids of equipment, or the vehicles onto which they are loaded. When a piece of equipment was needed, it was foremost requested from its storage location ( based on stock list informations maintained in the NAMASTE package ) , where its ticket is scanned with a hand-held reader to make a record of its cargo. When that point reached the shore of the boring site, the plus was once more scanned to bring forth a record of which points have been sent to the offshore site. Once an plus was returned to storage, that same procedure is carried out, with the tickets being scanned as they reach shore, and one time more when they are placed in one of Saipem ‘s storage installations. The Motorola handheld computing machine could hive away the read informations, which was so uploaded to a Personal computer at the terminal of a twenty-four hours via a USB connexion.Saipem ‘s employees could log into the NAMASTE system to see what had been shipped out of storage or to the offshore site, and when. The system could besides alarm users if a requested po int had non been shipped, or if a piece of equipment destined for one location was received at a different one.The tickets were besides scanned when assets were certified by an inspector as safe for usage, and recertified one time they leave the drill site and are once more inspected. In this manner, the company ‘s direction knows when each piece of equipment was last certified, and can supply that record for insurance intents, if necessary. The RFID system went unrecorded in November 2009, with the purpose of tracking 20,000 points, including offshore vass ( used to entree oil boring site ) , every bit good as Cranes, boring rigs, steel pipe, slings, bonds and buoys. Approximately 1,000 points have been tagged. Saipem expects the RFID system to cut down the pattern of geting extra stock list due to points stoping up losing. The company besides expects the system will diminish the sum of waste it generates. Without an RFID-based trailing system, assets frequently had to be scrapped, because it was impossible to follow how old they were, or when they had been inspected and certified. The RFID solution, utilizing Omni-ID tickets, improved safety and security, and helped the employees better perform their occupations in a unsafe environment. That was the biggest benefit gained by Saipem. [ 1 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/1339/1/129/ [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification [ 3 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rattei.org/CSCI3921W/history.html [ 4 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //members.surfbest.net/eaglesnest/rfidhist.htm [ 5 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID [ 6 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aimglobal.org/technologies/rfid/what_is_rfid.asp [ 7 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.activewaveinc.com/technology_rfid_advantage.php [ 8 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usingrfid.com/news/read.asp? lc=s44325nx1433zg [ 9 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.databrokers.net/body_why_rfid.html [ 10 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp? ArtNum=20 [ 11 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idautomation.com/rfid_faq.html # RFID_Advantages [ 12 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-rfid-technology.html [ 13 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.alientechnology.com/docs/SB_RFID_Retail.pdf [ 14 ] www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1385 [ 15 ] MIKOH Corp. ( 2007 ) , â€Å"RFID Case Profiles† [ 16 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aimglobal.org/members/news/articlefiles/3497-Freightliner_cs.pdf [ 17 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/7272/2 [ 18 ] Ref: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/5316/2 [ 19 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aimglobal.org/members/news/articlefiles/3500-Southeastern-Container-cs.pdf [ 20 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/7432/3 How to cite Radio Frequency Identification automated Technology, Essay examples

The Wanderer and the Seafarer free essay sample

The Seafarer, and the Wanderer accurately reflect the values and ideals of Anglo-Saxon society by illustrating what happens when the chain of loyalty is broken, when a society is without a lord, and the conflict of Christianity and paganism. Out of the four values most important to the Anglo-Saxons, loyalty was the most important; when men are no longer loyal to their lord their society collapses. Loyalty formed the backbone of Anglo-Saxon society and was the only way in which law and order could be maintained and people protected. Loyalty was also the only way through which men acquired wealth and fame. When a mans oath of loyalty is broken, it is a betrayal to the highest value of the society. This is clearly illustrated in Beowulf. When Beowulf goes to fight the Dragon none of his chosen warriors will help him, except Wiglaf, A beaten warrior. None of his comrades Came to him, helped him, his brave and noble followers; they ran for their lives, fled Deep in a wood (746-749). We will write a custom essay sample on The Wanderer and the Seafarer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This contrasts starkly to the beginning of the epic where Beowulfs followers and eager to help him fight Grendel. The mens gradual loss of loyalty signifies their societys impending collapse. After Beowulfs death they bury the dragons great treasure with him. Although the Geats have a brave and noble leader in Wiglaf, he can no longer be confident in his mens loyalty, breaking the backbone of their society. The lord was the most important figure in Anglo-Saxon society. The lord gave rings, laws, and protection to his people. When a society is without its lord, nothing good is possible. As seen in the Seafarer and the Wanderer, when a man loses his lord he wanders around helplessly, doomed to a life of weary exile. The Wanderer sails looking for a new gold lord but, When friends are no more, his fortune is exile. 27). The Seafarer is in self exile to the seas as, The days are gone when the kingdoms of earth flourish in Glory: Now there are no rulers, no emperors, No givers as gold as once there were. (81-83). There are differences between the lives of the Seafarer and the Wanderer. The Wanderer seeks a new gold lord while the Seafarer chooses the harsh life of the sea over living in a land where society where, Those powers have vanished, those pleasures are dead. The weakest survives and the world continues. Kept spinning by its toil. All glory is tarnished. The worlds honor ages and shrinks. (86-89). The Wanderers weary search for a new lord reflects what happens to society as a whole when their lord dies. They are lost and troubled without a leader and his presence is fundamental to Anglo-Saxon society, without him they would be doomed to the life of the Wanderer. The constant conflict between the Pagan religions and Christianity is revealed throughout early Anglo-Saxon literature. In the Anglo-Saxon era, the only centers of the written word were the monasteries, thus the objectivity regarding religious matters was often tilted in Christianitys favor when Beowulf, the Seafarer, and the Wanderer were recorded. However, the underlying themes of Christianity against paganism can be seen in Beowulf. When the monster Grendel continues to attack and destroy Herot, there is one thing he cannot touch, Hrothgars throne which is protected by God. However, in their desperation Hrothgars men, sometimes they sacrificed to the old stone Gods, Made Heathen vows, hoping for Hells support, the Devils guidance in driving their affliction off. That was their way and the Heathens only hope. (90-94). This comparison of the Pagan religion to asking for Hells support suggests that Grendel was sent by God to punish the Danes for their heathenism. The Seafarer is a poem in which the objectivity has again been tilted in Christianitys favor by the monks of Anglo-Saxon England. Although the heart of the poem contains no references at all to God, the introduction and conclusion to the Poem contains hopeful images of God helping the wander as it says, Oft to the Wanderer, weary of exile, Cometh Gods pity, compassionate love(1-2). This hopeful, lighter mood contrasts starkly to the elegiac mood of the rest of the poem. This clearly shows some monks addition to the poem. The Seafarer is a much more about Christianity than the first two, and it mentions God several times throughout the poem, this most likely signifies it was written later than Beowulf or the Wanderer and symbolizes Christianitys eventual defeat of paganism in Anglo-Saxon England. Anglo-Saxon society was built upon the values of loyalty, led by their lords, and conflicted in religion. Loyalty was the single most important aspect of Anglo-Saxon society and the breakdown in mens loyalty would inevitably lead to the collapse of their society. The lord was the absolute leader of any Anglo-Saxon society, he gave law and order, rings, and protection to his followers, when he died a new leader must be found or society will break down, like the society of the Wanderer. The Anglo-Saxons were a pagan people and the conflict between their paganism and Christianity is an underlying theme in Beowulf and the Wanderer and reflects the religious turmoil of their society. Through the illustration of these values and conflicts Beowulf, the Wander, and the Seafarer accurately reflect Anglo-Saxon society

Free Essays on Dogs of War

such as: â€Å"The blood-dimmed tied is loosed, and everywhere / The ceremony of innocence is drowned;† (5-6). Yeats uses these types of phrases to demonstrate just how difficult it was to live with oneself in those times. No longer can a person go about his merry way. Atrocities have been committed and everyone is guilty. Each person must live with the blood that he has spilled. Written in 1921, this poem is not about the second coming of Christ, it is about how out-of-control we have allowed the world to become after World War I. Line by line, each stanza conveys the heartache experienced after the war to en... Free Essays on Dogs of War Free Essays on Dogs of War The Dogs of War In his poem, â€Å"The Second Coming†, William Butler Yeats uses strong, precise syntax to make the reader feel the intensity of his words while conveying a dark atmosphere that gives the reader an uncertain and seemingly hopeless sense of what is to come. Some would argue that â€Å"The Second Coming† is referring to the second coming of Christ because of the religious aspects of the poem; but I believe that the poem is a warning, telling the reader of the downfall of man that we will bring upon ourselves rather than by Christ. Particularly in the first stanza, Yeats uses punctuation to separate each point that he is trying to project. Each semi-colon represents a singular, complex idea while commas are used to contrast the idea within the semi-colons. Each pause in the poem is focusing on a specific idea. Each break forces the reader to contemplate the different aspects of destruction. Words such as â€Å"anarchy†, â€Å"blood-dimmed†, and â€Å"vexed† are used to magnify the intensity of the poem. Reading the words may not have much of an effect, but saying them out loud bring thoughts of suffering and pain to one’s mind. The overall atmosphere is one of death, destruction, and hopelessness following, I believe, the First World War. This atmosphere molds the same tone into the reader with words such as: â€Å"The blood-dimmed tied is loosed, and everywhere / The ceremony of innocence is drowned;† (5-6). Yeats uses these types of phrases to demonstrate just how difficult it was to live with oneself in those times. No longer can a person go about his merry way. Atrocities have been committed and everyone is guilty. Each person must live with the blood that he has spilled. Written in 1921, this poem is not about the second coming of Christ, it is about how out-of-control we have allowed the world to become after World War I. Line by line, each stanza conveys the heartache experienced after the war to en...

Worldbuilding the Master Guide (with Template)

Worldbuilding the Master Guide (with Template) Worldbuilding: the Master Guide (with Template) â€Å"Worldbuilding† is a term you’ll hear from a lot of writers - especially when you’re talking about the science fiction and fantasy genres. Great authors can create a living, breathing environment for their stories, invite readers into another world, and make us homesick for a place we’ve never been.But for new (or not so new) authors, the challenge that worldbuilding presents might be overwhelming. So we turned to an expert for tips: Reedsy professional Michael Rowley was the UK editor for The Martian, Andy Weir’s bestselling novel. In this post, he shares his best advice on how to worldbuild a believable and convincing universe.Michael recently hosted a live chat on the very topic of worldbuilding. You can re-watch his video below, skip to a summary on the following topics, or jump straight to download our free 20-page worldbuilding guide. Planning your worldThere are two basic types of authors when it comes to worldbuilding: those who plan and those who make it up as they go along. Planners sit down and work all the details out beforehand, determining the geography and history of their world before starting the first draft. The other kind of writer is often described as a â€Å"pantser† who â€Å"flies by the seat of their pants.†Naturally, each approach has its advantages and pitfalls.Over-planning Makes sure you read quality books and try to venture outside your genre whenever you can - you never know where you’ll find inspiration for a new character or a fantastic narrative device. For more specific resources on worldbuilding, give these a read:Wonderbook: The Illustrated Guide to Creating Imaginative Fiction by Jeff VandermeerWriting Fantasy Science Fiction by Lisa TuttleThe Tough Guide to Fantasyland by Diana Wynne JonesAlso, remember to check out writing blogs by excellent authors like Chuck Wendig, Holly Lisle, and Brandon Sanderson, and to read as many fantasy and science fiction books as you can! Here are some good lists to get you started:The 100 Best Fantasy Series EverThe 100 Best Sci-Fi Books of All TimeThe 12 Best Epic Fantasy Books like Game of Thrones20 Addictive Urban Fantasy BooksThe 10 Best H.P. Lovecraft Books for Beginners15 Chilling Cosmic Horror Titles to Start You OffWhat is your approach to worldbuilding? Do you plan ahead, or do you prefer to m ake it up as you go? Share your thoughts and opinions in the comments section below.

Analytical and Critical questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analytical and Critical questions - Essay Example This is circumstantial evidence for a Creator, in this case of the watchmaker. There are numerous similar examples offered by Paley to support his claims. The most important implication is that science is subservient to religion. But the greatest rebuttal to this assertion would come in the form of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection a century after the publication of Natural Theology. The arguments offered by Paley are very eloquent and persuasive, yet not decisive. His assumptions and premises are dubious in many instances. To be fair to Paley, writing as he did a century before the arrival of Charles Darwin in the scientific scene, his arguments were handicapped by the lack of evidences to the contrary that are offered in abundance by Darwin. Yes, many natural phenomena can be explained scientifically without resort to argument from divine intervention. Perhaps, Paley’s passion for religion has biased his views. By virtue of stating a strong thesis, the author is compelled to look and select evidence in support of it. Perhaps a free exposition of the subject would have lead to a balanced rhetoric and findings. Paley’s Natural Theology is relevant today as a specimen of logical rigour and refined styles of argument. Its thesis has steadily lost relevance since the age of the Enlightenment and that trend continues today. Richard Dawkins’ main argument is that the forces of evolution give an illusion of deliberate design, whereas in truth, they were shaped by gradual and random mutations sifted by the filters of natural selection. Drawing on the analogy of the watchmaker by William Paley, Dawkins produces his polemic by systematically dismantling the theory by design as applicable to life forms on earth. Dawkins shows that random mutations at the level of the DNA, when filtered and selected under the process of

Bangladesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bangladesh - Essay Example (Bangladesh Development Research Centre) The country has witnessed some stability on the political front from the start of the 21st century as compared to the 1990s when political turmoil and military interventions were the order of the day. Corruption and nepotism is widespread in the entire sub-continent. So the only way to make perceptible all-round progress happen is political will to discipline the bureaucracy. The only silver lining to the general average or below average economic and social performance is the micro-credit scheme introduced and managed by Nobel prize winner, Muhammed Yunus. Also, women in Bangladesh appear more enthusiastic about participation and progress whether it is economy or population control drive. The tolerance and compatibility shown by Bangladesh National Party (BNP) and Awami League, the two main political parties, towards each other in the past decade is one of the key factors in contributing to whatever growth has been perceptibly witnessed during this time. Bitter political rivalry between these two parties and their exploitation by the military since independence in 1975, have been the main causes of the country's woes. The presence ofThe presence of the United Nations and countries like Japan in Bangladesh serves to ensure accountability and order. It also provides the advantage of technological know-how and the scope for its application in the environs of Bangladesh. Poverty alleviation and reduction in infant mortality rates as of now are inextricably linked to projects undertaken with the help of the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, international agencies like the United Nations Development Program and donor nations like Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, etc. (Masudul Hoq Chowdhury) Japan has played major role not only as a donor nation but also as nodal agency for other donor nations and NGOs in the efforts to mitigate Bangladesh's domestic obstacles in the areas of agricultural development, basic human needs, human resource development, infrastructure for investment and export promotion, and disaster management. Another factor playing a major contributory role in the country's progress is its increasing participation in world affairs. Bangladesh has been participating in UN-sponsored peace keeping operations in various disturbed regions in the world by pro-actively contributing its military personnel in these efforts. Bangladesh has also been making efforts to strengthen bilateral relations with its neighboring countries and other nations all over the world. It is also a source for good, cheap labor. (Japan's Country Assistance Program) 3. Traditional and new/novel remedies to promote development for Bangladesh. Traditionally, the country's major source of income used to be the jute industry, rice cultivation and fish farming. However,

Battle of Breitenfeld Essay -- essays research papers fc

It is said that the Romans owed the conquest of the world to no other cause than continual military training, exact observance of discipline in their camps and unwearied cultivation of the arts of war. The historical references of their battles will prove time and again that this statement has validity. How could such an Army rise to the power that was Rome in all its glory while being outnumbered on almost every battlefield? In an attempt to explore this question, one must delve into the foundation of the early Roman army and follow it through the five hundred year reign of power as the city-state rose to an empire (Preston.pg.29) The process by which Rome developed from a small military outpost on a river-crossing to become the dominant power of the Italian Peninsula was by no means swift or continuous. It took the better part of five centuries and during that time Rome itself was twice occupied by foreign powers (Warry. Pg.108). As the strength of Etrurua diminished, Rome asserted its authority over both the Etruscans and the Latins, but at the beginning of the fourth century B.C. the city was overwhelmed, after the disastrous battle of the Allia, by a vast horde of Gallic raiders (Contamine. pg.9). The Romans retreated into their citadel on the Capitoline Mount where they eventually fought off the Gauls, whose immediate interest was in pillaging for anything of worth and not in the land (Dersin.pg.8). Roman history records that the great Camillus, Rome’s exiled war leader, was recalled to speed the parting Gauls with military action, but this tries to hide the fact that the Gauls departed of their ow n accord, having obtained what they wanted. Roman military history is checkered by catastrophes that few great empires could have sustained during the period of their growth. Nobody would deny that the Romans were a formidable military nation; yet the genius which enabled them eventually to dominate the ancient world was as much political as military. Their great political instrument of choice was the concept of citizenship. Citizenship was not simply a status which one did or did not possess. It was and aggregate of right, duties, and honors, which could be acquired separately and conferred by installments (Boatwright.pg.25). Such were the rights of making legal contracts and marriages. From both of these the right to a political vote was not separable; no... ...rise to power, no single people dominated all or even most of that world. Military force and tactics that adapted over time and between enemies were large factors in Rome’s eventual dominance over the entire region, and credit must be given to the resiliency of the Romans in the face of victories and defeats along the way. Works Cited Preston, Richard; Roland, Alex; Wise Sydney. Men In Arms. (Ohio: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005) Warry, John. Warfare in the Classical World. (London: Oklahoma University and Salamander Books Ltd, 1995) Boatwright, Mary; Gargola, Daniel; Talbert, Richard. The Romans From Village to Empire. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004) Grant, Michael. The Fall Of The Roman Empire. (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990) Nardo, Don. The Rise Of the Roman Empire. (California: Greenhaven Press, 2002) Contamine, Phillip. War in the Middle Ages. (Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 1999) Dersin, Denise. What Life Was Like When Rome Ruled the World. (Virginia: Time Life Books, 1997) Harris, Nathaniel. History of Ancient Rome. (London: Octopus Publishing, 2000) Roberts, Timothy. Ancient Rome. (New York: Friedman/Fairfax

Examining The Concept of Politically Correct Speech Essay

â€Å"Let’s be politically correct about this.† This is a common statement people make when they want to avoid offending people. This is the goal of the concept of being politically correct: avoid offending people’s sensibilities. Case in point, it is not uncommon to call blind people â€Å"visually impaired.† The reason for this is that somehow the word â€Å"blind† became derogatory. Well, actually it didn’t and neither did a number of benign words but in the 1990’s there was a movement that started with the clear intention of making words as antiseptic as possible. The movement was somewhat mocked at first and pop culture comedian George Carlin quipped â€Å"It is just a means of people hiding their guilt without really atoning for their sins.† But, the politically movement has far from gone away. In fact, it has gained significant momentum in certain quarters. This is good in some ways and negative in others. One of the most negative aspects of the political correctness movement is that perpetually trying to be politically correct has a tendency to hinder communications. That is, when people are always trying to choose their words or phrases carefully they may find the end result to be stilted. That is to say, the words they select in their writing or oral presentations may end up being silly. Again, most people assume a blind person is blind. If one refers to a blind person as â€Å"optically challenged† then one may discover the audience laughing at the choice of words. This is because it is obvious the individual is going really out of the way to avoid hurting anyone’s feelings. Granted, this end result may avoid offense but it could also yield laughter. If that was not the intended result of your actions then the actions would be deemed a flop. Sorry to be so blunt but this is the common end result of going to ridiculous extremes in order be politically correct at the expense of using â€Å"good† language. There are, however, some benefits to politically correct speech. This is most evident in the workplace. Remember when it comes to success in the workplace success will often be based around relationships with people. If your relationships with others are not as best as they can be then you may discover your career suffering. This would obviously be a bad situation and best avoided. Since one of the most common ways of developing bad relationships is through offending people seeking to be more politically correct in your dialogue would not be a bad idea. If you are involved in the insurance sales business there will be a multitude of people whom you will come in contact. As such, you would want these people to feel as comfortable as possible and opt to avoid using words that may prove offensive. For example, you would want to avoid calling the elderly â€Å"old† if you come in contact with such individuals. Sticking with the term â€Å"senior citizen† would be a much wiser option. Of course, you will want to select words that are sensible and not silly. There is a fine line between politeness and parody when it comes to speaking in a politically correct manner. However, if you use simple logic and common sense in your approach to selecting politically correct terms you will avoid many of the common â€Å"political correctness† pitfalls associated with the movement.

How to Prevent a Shark Attack

Even though youre more likely to die from a lightning strike, alligator attack or on a bicycle than from a shark attack, sharks do sometimes bite humans. In this article, you can learn about the actual risk of a shark attack, and how to avoid one.​ The International Shark Attack File The International Shark Attack  File  was developed in the late 1950s to compile information on shark attacks. Sharks attacks may be provoked or unprovoked. According to the International Shark Attack File, provoked attacks are those that happen when a person initiates contact with a shark (e.g., bites occurring to a fisherman removing a shark from a hook, a bite to a diver that has touched a shark). Unprovoked attacks are those that occur in the sharks natural habitat when a human has not initiated contact. Some of these may be if the shark mistakes a human for prey. Over the years, records of unprovoked attacks have increased — in 2015, there were 98 unprovoked shark attacks (6 fatal), which is the highest on record. This doesnt mean sharks are attacking more often. It  is more a function of increased human population and activity in the water (visiting the beach, increase in participation in scuba, paddle boarding, surfing activities, etc.), and the ease of reporting shark bites. Given the large increase in human population and ocean use over the years, the rate of shark attacks is decreasing. The top 3 attacking shark species were the white, tiger and bull sharks. Where Do Shark Attacks Occur? Just because youre swimming in the ocean doesnt mean you may be attacked by a shark. In many areas, large sharks dont come close to shore. The regions with the highest percentage of shark attacks were Florida, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Hawaii, and California. These are also regions where lots of people visit the beaches and participate in water activities. According to  The Shark Handbook, most shark bites occur to swimmers, followed by surfers and divers, but the majority of these bites are minor flesh wounds or abrasions. Ways to Prevent Shark Attacks There are many ways (most of them common-sense) that you can avoid a shark attack. Below is a list of what not to do if youll be swimming in waters where sharks might be present, and techniques for getting away alive if a shark attack really does happen. How to Avoid a Shark Attack: Dont swim alone.Dont swim during dark or twilight hours.Dont swim with shiny jewelry.Dont swim if you have an open wound.Dont swim too far offshore.Ladies: dont swim if youre menstruating.Dont splash excessively or make erratic movements.Keep pets out of the water.Dont swim in areas where there are sewage (for other obvious reasons!) or pinnipeds that are hauled-out. Both areas can attract sharks.Dont swim in areas being used by fishermen, as their bait could attract sharks.Dont push your luck — never harass a shark. Get out of the water if one is spotted and never attempt to grab or touch it. What to Do If Youre Attacked: Lets hope youve followed safety advice and successfully avoided an attack. But what do you do if you suspect a sharks in the area or you are being attacked? If you feel something brush against you, get out of the water. According to an article from National Geographic, many shark bite victims dont feel any pain. And sharks may strike more than once.If you are attacked, the number one rule  is do whatever it takes to get away. Possibilities include yelling underwater, blowing bubbles, and punching the sharks nose, eye or gills and then leaving the area before the shark strikes again. Protecting Sharks Although shark attacks are a horrific topic, in reality, many more sharks are killed by humans each year. Healthy shark populations are crucial to maintaining balance in the ocean, and sharks need our protection. References and Additional Information: Burgess, George H. 2011. ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark. (Online). FL Museum of Natural History. Accessed January 30, 2012.Burgess, George H. 2009. ISAF 2008 Worldwide Shark Attack Summary (Online). FL Museum of Natural History. Accessed February 5, 2010.Burgess, George H. 1998. Just for Kids: How to Avoid a Shark Attack Reprinted with permission from The Kids How to Do (Almost) Everything Guide, Monday Morning Books, Palo Alto, California. Accessed February 5, 2010.ISAF. 2009. International Shark Attack File. (Online). FL Museum of Natural History. Accessed February 5, 2010.Skomal, G. 2008. The Shark Handbook. Cider Mill Press Book Publishers: Kennebunkport, ME. 278pp.