Government Of Indi The Four Distributional Aspects Of...

According to the expert group on Financial Inclusion (GOI, 2008) only 27% of farmers have access to institutional credit. It is true that there have been some improvements in flow of farm credit in recent years. However, the Government has to be sensitive to the four distributional aspects of agricultural credit. These are: (a) not much improvement in the share of small and marginal farmers . (b) decline in credit-deposit (CD) ratios of rural and semi-urban branches. (c) increase in the share of indirect credit in total agricultural credit and. (d) significant regional inequalities in credit. (Policies for Raising Agricultural Growth and Productivity in India). ( S. Mahendra Dev, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai) The Government of India has already put in place an agriculture credit policy to improve access of farmers to institutional credit. Steps would be taken for extensive coverage of farmers under the Kisan Credit Card Scheme. Micro credit and micro insurance will be promoted as an effective tool for encouraging production and reducing risk. Credit cooperatives have an important position and role in the rural financial system and priority would be given to reforms and revamping of cooperative credit institutions as per the recommendations of the Vaidyanathan Committee. Credit counselling centres would be established where severely indebted farmers can be provided a debt rescue package/ rescheduling to save them from a debt trap. National Bank

12 Biology Gas Exchange - 1043 Words

logy12 Biology Demonstrate understanding of adaptation of animals to their way of life Gas exchange – Process in which gas is oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide THE WORM The worm lives underneath the ground in moist rich humus soil. The worm is Terrestrial- which means it is related to earths or its inhabitants, and is not restricted to moist environments as the worms internal lungs keep it moist. As worms are nocturnal they only are active at night Which gives them less chance to be eaten by birds as birds hunt in the day time. This is an advantage as they will not dry out in the day time. In hot days in summer the worm burrows deeper to avoid drying out and dying. In wet days it is possible that the worm will be brought†¦show more content†¦As the water flows through the gills of the fish the lamellae gains oxygen in order for the fish to have efficient gas exchange. Because fish live in the water and not land it is impossible to breathe (inhale/exhale) that’s why they have gills as their main gas exchange organ, unlike mammals with lungs and worms with skin. Fish excrete in the sea which is important for the ecosystem. An advantage for fish is that the blood flows through the lamellae in the opposite direction to the water flow so their gas exchange process is not interrupted while gas is exhaled. There is also no dead space in the gills as most water that passes over the gills o2 is diffused into the fish blood. Fish have rich blood supply to gills and are highly vascularised. The fish have numerous folds to the gill structure which increases the surface area so efficient gas exchange. Mammal -Sheep Comparisons: a tracheal system in mammals would be too heavy as lungs would require large amounts of water to extract sufficient oxygen, both fish and worms have high vascularised blood vessels. Mammals, worms and fish breathe oxygen but in different ways e.g. skin, gills and lung. Fish, sheep and worms have large surface are to volume ratio to get efficient gas exchange. They all have different habits which make them favourable in their own species as worms can survive in soil unlike mammals and fish, fish can survive in water unlikeShow MoreRelatedEffect of Inhaling Various Concentrations of CO2 on Electrical Activity of the Heart1261 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctions best in a relatively stable environment. Deviations out of the acceptable ranges of tolerance have unpleasant consequences. In such a way, drastic changes in the air humans breathe have calamitous effects of body. Respiration is the basis for gas exchange, as oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled. In some settings such as in small, enclosed rooms, when oxygen consumption exceeds production, or with diseases such COPD, humans breathe in dangerously high concentrations of CO2. 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The leaves of a plantRead MoreThe Duckweed Experiment: Effects of Lowering Light Intensity on the Rate of Per Capita Growth of Lemna Minor1542 Words   |  7 Pageswhich would lower the light received by the treatment groups without interfering with gas exchange. Two groups were not covered by screens in order to serve as controls. These four cups were then placed under Chroma-50 full-spectrum fluorescent lamps and kept at a constant light intensity of 54.16 micromole of photons/square meter/second measured with the Li-Cor ML250 Quantum Light Meter. The photoperiod was 12 hours for each day. The cups were kept under the light for fourteen days, with data recordedRead MoreGlobal Warming Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesnote that prior to the industrial revolution the concentration of CO2 levels in the earth’s atmosphere was roughly 280 parts per million (ppm), however today’s levels are at 385 ppm and still climbing. 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Teacher Strike Contract Negotiation Education Essay Free Essays

string(190) " will hold to modify its attack if instructors are peculiarly hawkish, if the territory ‘s fiscal place has changed markedly, or if a work stoppage deadline is hanging over the board\." Negotiation is acquiring what you want for yourself, household, friend or the company you work for. It produces an understanding that consequences in a solution reached by all parties involved. The declarations reached by either party may be Trade-offs. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher Strike Contract Negotiation Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The tradeoffs are grants that either party are will to waive to run into their dialogue ends. When fixing to negociate we analyze our place, strengths, failings, BATNA, bounds, and scopes of options. When finding your BATNA ( â€Å" Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement † ) lists your options, measure your option. Contract differences and dialogues between the instructors and board members from clip to clip may acquire intense, peculiarly in difficult fiscal times. The strain of problematic dialogues can impact each individual in the school construction, from the board members to the teaching staff, pupils and their defenders. This paper will dwell of why instructors go on work stoppage, how one prepares for dialogue, the five types of power, the scheme one my utilizing during dialogue, and the procedure of the dialogue. Teacher Strike Contract Negotiation Corporate bargaining and work stoppages in peculiar, can be peculiarly troublesome among the communities in which our pupils are from, impacting the results for the school board choice. Most province legislative acts do non name for schools to dicker on issues associating to the educational policy of the school board. Negotiations may fall short to take to a fulfilled understanding between a instructors ‘ brotherhood and a school board. Once good religion attempts fail to decide the dissensions between those involved, a lawful draw occurs. At the clip the draw occurs, active bargaining between the involved parties is typically suspended. If attempts for draw declaration are unsuccessful between the instructors ‘ brotherhood and a school territory, instructors may take to strike to act upon or oblige the board to run into the demands of the brotherhood. Someplace instructors do non hold the right to strike ; province legislative acts on a regular basis enforce pecuniary or comparable punishments on those who strike illicitly. States where work stoppages are allowed in the populace sector, instructors frequently must run into several usher lines prior to the work stoppage. Why Do Teachers travel on Strike There are a whole batch of grounds that could take to instructors traveling on work stoppage. Lack of wage is one of the chief grounds that instructors go on work stoppage. The limited resources or suspended plans associated with the production of the schoolroom can do instructors to strike. Puting more or restricting the responsibilities of a instructor, for illustration delegating instructors the responsibility of documenting and publishing suspensions that is the duty of the principal. Prospective alterations to the lesson program that instructors do non agree with may do a work stoppage every bit good. Additional work clip or a diminution in the readying clip is another issue. Modification in the linguistic communication of the contract that could bring forth an uncertainness environing excess duties that can be assigned is another concern. There are a batch of likely arguable concerns aside from wages that might ensue in a work stoppage by a instructors brotherhood. Some even go on work stoppage due to the fact that they do n’t experience they were being treated reasonably for all they do. Traveling on work stoppage is non merely about money, it is about learning environment as a whole. Striking is a method to state the board that you are non traveling to be walked all over for all that you do. A batch of instructors do more than their portion of things after school. They provide assistance pupils on their personal clip. They use a batch of their ain money to buy their pupils equipment because the school wo n’t supply the resources to them. They take on many excess undertakings that the decision maker has given them despite the heavy work load that they already have ; such as planning, rating, roll uping study cards, go toing meetings, etc. . Fixing for Negotiation While in readying for dialogues, you should ever cognize your opposition. In some state of affairss you have come into contact with your opposition in some type of signifier or manner so it has come clip to run into face to face. ( hypertext transfer protocol: ///www.associatedcontent.com/artical/462367/rookieyear_baseball_contract_of_christy.html ) During the clip the opposing sides convene, a duologue must be exchanged. The exchange needs to typify the ideas, offers, information, and grants if demands are no reached while at the bargaining tabular array. We must bear in head that first feelings do do the difference. As a consequence, the most indispensable thing to see is that you must ever stand for yourself in a respectable mode. Body linguistic communication can state more than words. ( http: //www.businessetiquettearticles.com/Art/1628/25/Your-Body-Language-Speaks-Louder-Than-Words.html ) â€Å" Successful negotiating is one portion face-to-face treatment and nine parts prep. † ( www.vtvsba.org/streaming/basicnego/basicnego.html ) Collective bargaining entails making research that is detailed, sound, and attentive. Before the board or anyone else for that affair can get down the procedure of negociating, everyone must hold a clear sense of what outcome they are seeking to make and how they plan on obtaining their ends. When fixing for dialogues, board members must look at every facet of the state of affairs at manus. Although the board may hold consulted with other members of the territory, or even province or private attorneies, inquiries refering work stoppage can considerably alter the typical guidelines for fixing to negociate. The size of the school territory will act upon the sort and degree of readying a board must finish. In a smaller territory, deficiency of formality may be the norm, and the negotiants may be familiar with one another ; presently in bigger school territories, the more hard the dialogues and planning will turn out to be. The followers are some added factors that can assist the way of the board ‘s development actions: The sum of force per unit area that exists. The board will hold to modify its attack if instructors are peculiarly hawkish, if the territory ‘s fiscal place has changed markedly, or if a work stoppage deadline is hanging over the board. You read "Teacher Strike Contract Negotiation Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Your ain attitudes. If the board is convinced it ‘s non traveling to give an inch, or if it is locked into a certain position dictated by legal or fiscal considerations, planning must be adjusted to account for managing these restrictions. The current province of employee dealingss. If employee dealingss are amicable, the grade of planning may be altered by the simple fact that there will be less to negociate. Conversely, if the decision makers, the board, and the employees have been prosecuting in a war over policy issues, be aftering attempts will hold to include a scheme for maintaining those issues off the bargaining tabular array. Teacher dialogues, countenances, and work stoppages are really much a portion of the mundane operations of public schools.A Although there are huge fluctuations throughout the state in the passion of instructor combativeness, no school construction can acquire off from the duty of reacting to the turning influence in educational decision-making.A Five Types of Power In instances where dialogues will be used there are five good known schemes that can be referenced? These schemes include legitimate power, wages power, coercive power, adept power, and referent power. All of the five powers have supplied the negociating squads with a benefit, throughout the negotiating patterned advance. Legitimate Power Legitimate power is derived from the accomplishment to carry because of place. Peoples at superior degrees have power over the people beneath them. On the other manus, each individual with legitimate power implements their ain personal manner. Legitimate power is utile to dialogues in a mixture of ways. Reward Power Reward power can be derived from the ability to honor conformity it used to endorse up legitimate power. Potential wagess such as acknowledgment, wage rise, or farther resources to finish a occupation are promised, one may counter by reacting petitions and waies. Coercive Power Coercive power is the contrary of reward power. It is the capableness to take something off from the nonsubjective individual or to punish the object for non-cooperation with a petition. It is the power to coerce person to make something against their will. Expert Power Adept power is that which is used by Trade Unions when they persuade their members to strike for better wage or working conditions. It deals with the capacity to act upon others by possessing cognition or accomplishments that they value. Referent Power Referent power is seldom called personal power. It is the power of personal appeal and celebrity. Referent power occurs when others identify with, like, or otherwise esteem the individual and is associated with magnetic leading. Additionally, there are two diverse signifiers of bargaining ; they are integrative bargaining and distributive bargaining. While faced with a dialogue, the people involved ought to be willing to happen the in-between land and utilize some of the schemes to assist with converting the other side. There are two instances that will demo how the five schemes and dickering guidelines were used to exemplify a encouraging decision in dialogues for all concerned in the procedure The negotiated understanding became the tool for school territories authorization on each status that is negotiated into the signed understanding. As a consequence, the understanding has possible deductions for all that occurs in the schoolrooms of that territory. Issues refering the transportation of instructor policies, guidelines for employee ratings, and all other contractual affairs covering with instructors all have an impact on the value of learning staff, which leads to the quality of instruction that our childs will have. Procedure in Negotiation The development in the negotiating procedure is besides complicated to nail down since standard public communicating is non a portion of the process. The school community seldom has entree to information ; they have to wait on the school board releases the justification of how the projected declaration will impact the territory ‘s fundss. The public school environment is ever altering with new policies, engineerings and reforms. This presents a trial for each territory ‘s teacher brotherhood and school board partnership. Kenya Teacher Strike In an article about Kenya school instructors, more than 200,000 instructors went on work stoppage because of what they were being paid or lack thereof. The National Union of Teachers in Kenya reported that the standard wage for instructors in Kenya was $ 308 monthly, and well lower for new instructors ( Oyaro, 2009 ) . The instructors were over worked and underpaid and the schoolrooms were over crowded. There was besides a deficit of instructor due to the free tuition which besides affected the board from engaging new instructors. Because of issues such as theses the instructor decided to travel on work stoppage. The Education Minister is the dialogue maneuver of bullying ; he tried by endangering them with the loss of their places as instructors to acquire them back in the schoolrooms. This tactic did non work in this instance because the instructors knew the Minister was bluffing and could non fire them all one clip, so they called his bluff. The instructors stuck to their guns no affair what the effect was in hopes that one of their demand were met. The work stoppage lasted 10 yearss before an understanding was reached between the Kenya National Union of Teachers and the Education Minster. The understanding was achieved by utilizing integrative bargaining on behalf of the instructors. The curate agreed to increase the instructor ‘s wages ; but, it was to be done in stages and over clip. â€Å" The first wage rise of 40 % would get down in July, † he said, â€Å" with farther additions in 2010 and 2011. † In utilizing integrative bargaining, both sides leave the dialogue s satisfied ; the instructors will have the rises they demanded and the Education Minister will hold his instructors back in the schoolroom. Peoples occupied with unusual fortunes are faced with determinations that have to be made mundane. Because of the determinations made on a day-to-day footing we must trust on dialogue schemes. When we use the dialogue schemes, two key schemes come into drama ; enchantress would be the integrative and riotous bargaining. Integrative bargaining is two diverse people or parties in favour of a jointly favourable contract based on the parties ‘ benefit of coming to a win-win declaration. Disruptive bargaining is where the people involved reach a contract ensuing from the misgiving and incredulity by one party concluding in a win-lose solution. Kent Teacher Strike Teachers have negotiated contracts which will non merely have an consequence on their ain lives every bit good as the schoolroom atmosphere. Teachers in Kent, Washington went on work stoppage when and contractual understanding could non be reached. The last straw that broke the camel ‘s dorsum was the overcrowding in the schoolrooms fell from 29 to 26 ( Beckley, 2009 ) . The integrative bargaining scheme was used in the Kent schools survey. Although a figure of people have said that traveling on work stoppage simply hurts the community and those involved in the school system, others may challenge that this should hold been good for the pupils in the schoolroom. Because the instructors received a smaller schoolroom contract with the school territory the instructors should increase their clip spent with each pupil to travel over lessons or prep jobs. Even though the Washington school had to gestate to some of the commissariats of the instructors, the result was non taking the desperate terminals of the dialogue. This finally described Integrative bargaining. Integrative bargaining occurs when both sides reach an understanding where both parties benefit from the state of affairs and is a win-win solution. Negotiation Schemes The dialogue attack pattern in this instance to keep the school board ‘s demand to re-look at the bounds while turn toing the issues of the stakeholders was the integrative dialogue attack which aims at aiming a win-win result for all involved in the dialogue. The word integrative translates to unite legion parts into one piece. Theoretically, this implies some coaction, or a connection of forces to achieve togetherness. Typically it employs a higher extent of assurance and the chance of a partnership. All involved may desire to walk off with a sense that they ‘ve accomplished something that has value by having what each wants. ( http: //www.negotiations.com/articles/negotiation-types/ ) â€Å" Integrative bargaining ( besides called â€Å" interest-based bargaining, † â€Å" win-win bargaining † ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/essay/interest-based_bargaining/ ) is a dialogue attack that all involved work together to happen a â€Å" win-win † declaration to their difference of sentiment. The attack focuses on developing every bit good contracts based on the involvements of the other party involved. The Interests could incorporate the demands, wants, concerns, and uncertainties of import to the other. The above instance for the Kent, Washington school board can successfully utilize integrative bargaining to develop a most favourable result in the best involvements for all involved in the dialogue procedure. Measure one would be to sort the indispensable involvement of everyone involved, which would include the parents of the school every bit good. â€Å" The bottom line is that we need to calculate out why people feel the manner they do, why they are demanding and what they are demanding. † We besides must inquire ourselves how the other side interprets our demands. The possible effects of a contract must be analyzed, as if you were on the other squad looking at them for the first clip. After involvements are identified, the parties need to work together hand in glove to seek to calculate out the best ways to run into those involvements. Often by â€Å" brainstorming † — naming all the options anyone can believe of without knocking or disregarding anything ab initio, parties can come up with originative new thoughts for meeting involvements and demands that had non occurred to anyone earlier. The end is a win-win result, giving each side as much of their involvement s as possible, and plenty, at a lower limit that they see the result as a win, instead than a loss. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/essay/interest-based_bargaining/ ) As mentioned above in the inquiry that major concerns of the parents are related to quality of instruction, impact of such enlargement on belongings values, societal effects on kids due to such redrawing of limitations, increased travel clip and traversing cultural and economic boundaries. The school board can offer optimum solution in each of these countries to come out with a win-win state of affairs and convert the parents to accept the redrawing of boundaries. For illustration, sing the concern related to quality of instruction, the school governments can show facts that redrawing of boundaries will really better the quality of instruction by supplying much larger and improved substructure to pupils. Further, school can supply a program to parents that will convert parents that school has the capableness to supply highest quality of instruction even with larger figure of pupils. The school will necessitate to supply a concrete program to the parents with elaborate information about their schemes to keep quality with larger figure of pupils. Decision Negotiation is an of import and valuable tool for deciding struggle when all parties involved have a shared committedness to making a collaborative, joint result that satisfies both parties demands and involvements. Cultural considerations play an of import function in the dialogue procedure as all of the histrions bring with them their ain specific cultural behaviours ; that is their forms of thought, feeling, moving and most significantly, their ain set of culturally shared values. Many dialogue scenarios may affect work stoppages of some step. In the illustration of the Kent, WA instructors, the instructors were highlighted as having an understanding that was non a benefit merely to them. The benefit was besides extended out to the community and pupils to demo concern therefore finding an integrative bargaining scheme. Negotiation schemes are used by every individual and organisation on a day-to-day footing. While some may non recognize they are utilizing them, the schemes are being used in some form or signifier. I did take the advice of my teacher and equals. I watched my grammatical mistakes, added sub-topics to that the paper can hold a better flow for the readers. All in all I think this is a good paper. How to cite Teacher Strike Contract Negotiation Education Essay, Essay examples

International Commercial Law Merchant Transactions of Business

Question: Discuss about the International Commercial Law for Merchant Transactions of Business. Answer: 1. Business law is the component of the law that handles merchant transactions of business individuals in domestic and international business environments. Therefore, studying business law is vital in forecasting what the law will be in carrying out businesses at the domestic and international environment. Comprehending laws that govern the laws domestically and internationally will allow one to make informed business decisions without breaching rules tailored by the government (Howard 2013 pp. 495). Domestic /national/municipal law is a law within a given state that deals with the rights, as well as duties of legal individuals in the state. The law governs the behavior and acts of persons, for instance in Australia. Domestic laws are usually developed by the efforts by the three arms of government: executive, legislature, and judiciary that undertaking the law-making process. In Australia, the domestic law is designed by legislation by the parliaments of the Commonwealth, territories, as well as states and through common law standards tailored by the courts (Rosa 2013, pp. 80). In many countries like Australia, parliaments are the supreme bodies with the authority to make laws, whilst courts are given the powers to interpret the law that governs businesses and uses it on individual cases. This implies that the public international law is mainly concerned with the treaty associations between countries and individuals that are considered the subjects of the international law that governs their business associations. The public international law concepts influence a states application of its law (Zanakopoulos Tams 2013, pp. 537). Private international law is a system of form laws, regulations, conventions, state laws, legal guides, as well as other legal documents and tools, which control private associations across national boundaries. Private international law is dual in nature, which balances the international accord with home acknowledgment in addition to execution, and balancing independent acts with that of the private segment. Whilst public international law principally concerns with the relationship between states; it too has its objectives of companies and people. The increase of multinational firms, with some of them for several years producing yearly revenues bigger than the gross national product of some countries, raises many important matters (Koeninger Bales 2014, pp. 480). On the other hand, public international law is a system of norms, which governs the relationship between legal bodies acknowledged in the realm of the international law. It is divided into diverse branches; however, it is taken to have overarching common standards. For instance, treaties and relationships between two or more nations come under the purview of the public law. Therefore, the object of the private international law is largely from person to person or business-to-business associations. The private international law will acknowledge the applicable domestic law and handle matters regarding the specific business conflict between one law (Australia) and the other (Sate of Washington). The primary element of the private international law is its acknowledgment that sates might differ in their approaches to the law, and that the difference should be controlled (Nijaz 2016, pp. 60). Moreover, the comprehending private international law needs a focus on the domestic/national law of different states. The domestic law might expressly integrate public international law. Thus, in some jurisdictions, the mere references to domestic/municipal law imply that public international law is pertinent. Its principles influence the application of public global in national law courts. The overlap between the private and public international law manifests itself in several means. Under dualism theory, international law in addition to national/municipal law are separate entities of law that operate autonomously of each other. This theory implies that the rules and standards of international law (private and public) cannot function unswervingly in national law, and should be integrated into domestic law before they impact individual rights, as well as roles. In a state of a conflict, domestic law within the domestic legal system, this leaves the state responsibility at the interna tional level for any breach of its international law implications. For instance, Australian statue law, which is apparently inconsistent with international law, will supersede the pertinent international law (Sung Pil 2014, pp. 356). 2. Murabaha in Islamic banking entails a kind of sales contract (bai) that, in its most fundamental form,comprises of bank buying a given asset (mal) and selling back to the client who will make one or more deferred payment over a period of rime to cater for the payments of the given asset together with a markup that is the profit part for the financial institution or bank. Murabaha in the traditional context is a scenario that can be structured as a loan to the borrower for the reasons of buying the basic asset. Murabaha financing is broadly employed in modern Islamic banking, as well as finance, which is restricted to the cases in which the client or buyer requires to buy some goods (Hanif 2011, pp. 168). The primary structure of the Murabaha comprises of two classes. First, the financial institution buys the asset from the specific seller at a particular price, where the details of the transaction and the product are also known by the customer. During this transaction, the exchange of the asset for the buying price is undertaken simultaneously. Second, the financial institution sells the specific asset to the customers at a marked-up price that comprises of the initial price paid for the asset by the financial institution, which also includes a profit margin to compensate the financial institution for its responsibility in the entire transaction. The asset being transacted is finally delivered to the customers instantly while the payment of the marked up buying price is deferred to one or more fixed dates in the prospect. It is a common practice in Islamic Law that any transaction using Murabaha method must comply with the general standards that apply to sales contracts and adhere to the goals of the Shariah. It is also paramount that the Islamic exclusions against interest, uncertainty, as well as gambling, are adhered to and that the sales contract does not relate to any prohibited product or service, such as pork, alcohol, or banned financial tools (Blz 2004, pp. 122). Musharaka in Islamic banking is a joint venture or partnership fashioned fro carrying out some business where all partners in the venture share profits. Musharaka has profound impacts for Islamic banking, as well as finance in the current background and offers an excellent option to the interest-based economy. Musharaka plays a leading duty in funding business operations founded on Islamic principles that outlaw making a profit on interest loans. It permits parties in the partnerships to share both the risks and profits. Thus, the association between the parties is by mutual contract; consequently, all the essential elements of an applicable contract should be present (Hanif 2011, pp. 170). In this method, the party that is investing the capital will share equally both the profit and loss. However, the percentage or proceeds or profits that are going to be shared should be predetermined and settled up during the time of entering the contract under the Shariah law. All the Muslim judges agree that each partner will receive equal profit founded on the original ratio of investment. Musharaka does not allow in-kind contributions since it is considered that it will pose changes to the partnership when liquidation of the assets takes place or redistribution. Also, Musharaka is not a binding contract where any partner in the business can unilaterally cease the contract unless stated otherwise in the agreement (Bilal Rahim 2014, pp. 156) 3. The parties in the case were Hong Kong Company, Sino Dragon Trading Ltd (Sino Dragon) v and the Singaporean company Noble Resources International Pte Ltd (Noble). The dispute that ensued between the two parties involved a contract for sale and purchase of iron, where the contract is applicable under the laws of Western Australia. In this case, Noble Resources International Pte Ltd (the buyer and plaintiff) alleged that Sino Dragon Trading Ltd (the seller and first Respondent), violated the contract provisions by failing to open a letter of credit (obligatory of the agreement) or failing to undertake the agreement. The contract had an arbitration agreement that had been sealed between the two companies. Noble served an negotiation notice to Sino Dragon recommending the Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (ACICA) as an appointing body, as well as appointing M as an arbitrator. The Sino Dragon (plaintiff) and Noble (respondent) entered a contract that entailed selling and buying of iron on January 9, 2014, where the plaintiff agreed to purchase 170,000 dry metric tons of iron ore from Noble for a base price of about AUS $1.9 million, inclusive of shipment to China. The prevailing law in this contract between the two companies undertaking the transaction was provided by the law of Western Australia. This contract between Sino Dragon and Noble offered that any dispute or claim arising from the contract could be referred to arbitration. On May 1, 2014, Noble served a notice of arbitration on Sino Dragon, which was estimated at AUS $1.9 million and proposed ACICA as the appointing power and nominated an arbitrator. Some dealings along with procedural disputes and claims between the two companies in the contract followed. Dino Dragon never responded nor appointed an arbitrator. The first respondent (Sino Dragon) in this case claimed that it had served notice of its malfunction to undertake the contract on a similar day that the applicant (Noble) had terminated and resold the good (iron) to a third party. Therefore, the dispute focused on whether Noble had suffered loss or injury and whether it had mitigated the injury or loss. Therefore, following the alleged violation of the contract by Sino Dragon, Noble terminated the contract and served a notice of arbitration on the first respondent for an approximated AUS $1.9 million and appointed an arbitrator. In line with the UNCITRAL arbitration provisions under the contract laws, an appointment was subsequently undertaken by an appointing body authorized by the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The arbitration contract, in this case, had an arbitration clause that demands that the dispute should be resolved in Australia founded on the established UNCITRAL Ar bitration Rule. Following the adverse judicial comment, Noble (respondent) sought an order from the Australian Federal Courts that Sino Dragon indemnifies it for its costs of application (Friedland Martinez 2007, pp. 523). However, the appointments of the Chairperson, as well as the arbitrator that was appointed by the designated bodies were ineffectively challenged by the plaintiff many times on the diverse ground, and these challenges were rejected by the appointing entities. Nonetheless, before the last challenge had been determined by the appointing entities, an application was brought to the Federal Court of Australia. Sino Drago served the Tribunal with many challenges to the arbitrators appointments filed a court application that challenges the appointments of the arbitrators. Sino Dragon claimed that the court did not have the authority to judge a challenge to arbitrators under the Model Law, Article 13 (3). Sino Dragon also sought a pronouncement that the arbitrators had not been authentically appointed (Breznitz Murphree 2011). The prime subject in the case was whether the court would ascertain Sino Dragos challenge to the arbitrators before the matter had been settled by the appointing powers. Eventually, the Court discarded all claims for the court authority to consider the challenge before the appointing authority had reached a verdict. The court held that Sino Dragons court application disrupted the arbitration procedure, as well as fashioned the prospective redundant holdup to an arbitration that was not in itself complicated founded on the provisions of the ACICA and the Model Law (Chamlongrasdr 2007, pp. 112). The court maintained that under Article 13 of the Model Law, has elaborate procedures for challenging an arbitrator. Originally, the parties in their contract had agreed on the process of challenging an arbitrator, where the parties had approved that adjudication would be carried out founded on the provisions of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. Furthermore, the court discarded Sino Dragons appli cation on the ground that it was unexpected submission, which the court had an independent universal law influence to take out a mediator outside the application of Article 13 (3). The courts decision to reject the many applications was anchored on the fact that the court founded the exercise of such power in the background of the case will contradict the purpose of arbitration, as well as undermine the careful procedure defined in the Model Law. This perspective of the court was taken by the acknowledged significance and merits of arbitration in guaranteeing the effectiveness along with practicality. Therefore, the court rejected the alleged implied authority to challenge an arbitrator as it contradicted Article 5 of the Model Law (Ahmad 2015, pp. 298). 4. States have diverse common laws, as well as statues, which apply to the majority of contracts in the US. This may make things complex for firms, which frequently perform businesses on a national level. Thus, the choice of law matters may emanate, and there would be noteworthy conflicts concerning the type of state laws are controlling a particular contract. The default United States law that governs the sales contract under the standard form US contract will be the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (Walt 2015, pp. 46). The UCC regulates the contracts for sales of goods, which is a standardized compilation of guidelines, which preside over the law of business transactions. Domestic contracts in the US are crafted based on the fundamental principles of US contract law- chiefly those that are set in Article 2 of the UCC. All the United States territories and states have embraced the UCC provisions; however, some of the states have changed some to rule to suit their particular circumstanc es (Saunders Rymsza 2015, pp. 16). The UCC establishes the regulations, which apply to the contract for the sale of goods. The regulations handle everything from the manner the contracts must be interpreted to what standard form provisions are employed when a contract does no handle a specific contract manner. The UCC offers that the choice of law will be the buyers locale. In the case of Geo Corp Ltd, the choice law will be UCC in the US. Nonetheless, the buyer, as well as seller (Geo Corp Ltd and North Dakota company) under the UCC are allowed to negotiate the specific jurisdiction that will apply to the specific transaction (Schroeter 2015, pp. 230). Since 1988, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has been the US law, which preempts the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) when contracting parties are from other nations, which have ratified. The CISG is the default law for sales contract if there is no other mention is made in the contract of sale of goods between two parties that have their major position of business in diverse contracting nations, like the US and Australia. CISG offers an opportunity for a company to opt out through inserting a choice law provision in the international sale contract (Murray 2010). Therefore, the CISG applies automatically to all contacts for that touches the sale of goods from two diverse nations, in which the two countries have ratified the CISG (Ferrari 2012). Several United States importers, as well as exporters, presume that the governing law of any sales contract will be the UCC of the state specified in the purchase order or sale contract. In the US, the CISG applies to contracts between a US party and a party place of business is a country that has adopted the CISG. As with the UCC, it is feasible to opt out of particular CISG provisions or the CISG wholly. Therefore, it is promising based on the US law to select CISG for the law of the contract (Pintar 2015). Arbitration is an alternative to litigation in the courts that helps to resolve conflicts out of the court, especially those that touches on contract. The arbitration clause is a language in a written agreement such that if a dispute arises between the parties in a transaction between Geo Corp Ltd, and Geo Corp Ltd and North Dakota company, the dispute will be resolved via arbitration. Therefore, compulsory arbitration is an arbitration needed or mandatory by detailed law on the parties involved in dispute because of breach of contract in the sale of goods, for instance. This implies that the parties are forced to submit their case for arbitration purposes, even if they are not willing to arbitrate (Sandford TanKiang 2011, pp. 469). Compulsory arbitration is a non-binding, adversarial conflict pledge process where one or more arbitrators hear the claims from the two parties, weighs the presented proof, and issue a non-binding judgment on advantages following an accelerated hearing. One of the merits of the mandatory arbitration clause is that it enables the company to avoid lengthy court processes and lengthy trials and appellate procedures. This will allow companies to embark on other important business activities. Mandatory arbitration clause allows the parties to maintain a high level of confidentiality concerning the details of the contract on the sale of goods (Walker 2015). Furthermore, the process is faster and more effective. In the US, the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) will be applicable in the case of Geo Corp Ltd, and Geo Corp Ltd and North Dakota company. The FAA was established in 1925 by an act of Congress, which offers for judicial facilitation of private dispute resolution via arbitration. It applies in the transaction between parties that involve interstate business. The FAA provides for contractual-based mandatory, as well as binding arbitration. The arbitration bodies include the American Arbitration Association (AAA), ADA Mediation Program, Arbitration and Mediation Center (AMC), Association for Conflict Resolution, Commercial Arbitration and Mediation Centre for the Americas (CAMCA), and Federal Mediation Conciliation Service. c. For Queensland arbitration award to be recognized under the US legal system, the arbitration contract concerning the sale of goods should be in writing. The arbitration agreement, normally defines the development contract, fashions, as well as defines the powers of the arbitration, and within the pertinent Commercial Arbitration Act, the process of the arbitration, particularly provided under Commercial Arbitration Act 2013 (Queensland). Thus, subject to the terms of the arbitration contract, the two parties might have the arbitrator. The number of arbitrators will generally be provided in the arbitration contract that might offer for a single arbitrator or a tribunal of three or more (Kronke 2010, pp. 508). A authentically selected mediator has power to determine those issues to the arbitrator in the notice of dispute plus within the compass of the arbitration contract (Sandford TanKiang 2011, pp. 470). However, in Queensland, there is the need to use international arbitration b etween the parties because the two companies come from two different nations and it allows the US legal system to recognize and enforce the agreement. The agreement will be subjected to International Arbitration Act 1974. This act governs Queenslands obligations to acknowledge and enforce foreign arbitration contracts along with arbitral awards. Unless the two parties to an international arbitration agreement otherwise settle in writing, the dispute that will arise will be determined in line with the UNCITRAL Model Law that will put into consideration the requirements and features of international commercial arbitration. Accordingly the primary benefit of international arbitration is the development of an award between the two companies that is capable of enforcement in all nations. This will allow the US legal system to recognize and enforce Queensland arbitration. References Ahmad, J, 2015, Review of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules--A Commentary (Second Edition) by David D. Caron and Lee M. Caplan, Berkeley Journal Of International Law, 33, 1, pp. 294-305. Blz, K, 2004, A MurÄ baha Transaction in An English Court - The London High Court of 13th February 2002 in Islamic Investment Company of the Gulf (Bahamas) Ltd. V. Symphony Gems N.V. Ors, Islamic Law Society, 11, 1, pp. 117-134. Bell, GF 2005, Why Singapore Should Withdraw Its Reservation to the United Nations Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods (Cisg), Singapore Year Book Of International Law, 9, pp. 55-73. Bilal, Q, Rahim, M, 2014, Diminishing Musharaka: A Mode of Financing in Interest Free Bank, Abasyn University Journal Of Social Sciences, 7, 1, pp. 150-157. Breznitz, D., Murphree, M., 2011, Run of the Red Queen: Government, innovation, globalization, and economic growth in China, New Haven [Conn.: Yale University Press. Chamlongrasdr, D. 2007, Foreign state immunity and arbitration, London: Cameron May, pp. 111-114. Dube, A 2015, The Au Model Law on Universal Jurisdiction: An African Response To Western Prosecutions Based On The Universality Principle, Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 18, 3, pp. 449-486. Friedland, P, Martinez, L, 2007, The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: A Commentary, American Journal Of International Law, 101, 2, pp. 519-524. Goode, R, 2016, Private Commercial Law Conventions and Public And Private International Law: The Radical Approach Of The Cape Town Convention 2001 And Its Protocols, International Comparative Law Quarterly, 65, 3, pp. 523-540. Hanif, M., 2011, Differences and Similarities in Islamic and Conventional Banking, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 2 No. 2: 167-175. Healy, P.O, 2005, For Muslims, Loans for the Conscience, New York Times. Retrieved on August 20, 2016. Howard, M.E, 2013, Modern Reformation: An Overview Of New York's Domestic Relations Law Overhaul , Touro Law Review, 29, 2, pp. 389-426. Koeninger, S, Bales, R 2014, When A U.S. Domestic Court Can Enjoin A Foreign Court Proceeding, Cardozo Journal Of International Comparative Law, 22, 3, pp. 473-495. Kronke, H. 2010. Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards: A global commentary on the New York Convention. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, pp. 506-509. May, C, 2013, Domestic Law Goes Global: Legal Traditions and International Courts - By Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Emilia Justyna Powell, Political Studies Review, 11, 1, pp. 98- 99. Murray, T., 2010, CISG: Opt Out, Or Not? CISG In A Nutshell, mhandl, Retrieved on August 20, 2016. Nijaz, M, 2016, Framework Focal Contacts In European Private International Law And European Union Private International Law, Human: Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies, 6, 1, pp. 57-63. Pintar, B., 2015, What Body of Law Governs a Contract for the Sale of Goods?, Pintaralbiston. Retrieved on August 20, 2016. Rosa, GL 2013, The Internationally Minded Lawyer, Gpsolo, 30, 2, p. 80. Sandford, I, TanKiang, M., 2011, Resolving and defusing trade disputes: the potential for creativity in the Australia-European Union relationship, Australian Journal Of International Affairs, 65, 4, pp. 469-487. Saunders, K, Rymsza, L 2015, Contract Formation and Performance under the UCC and CISG: A Comparative Case Study, Journal Of Legal Studies Education, 32, 1, pp. 1-46. Schroeter, UG 2015, Reservations and the CISG: The Borderland of Uniform International Sales Law And Treaty Law After Thirty-Five Years, Brooklyn Journal Of International Law, 41, 1, pp. 203-255. Strong, SI 2014, Limits Of Procedural Choice of Law, Brooklyn Journal Of International Law, 39, 3, pp. 1027-1121. Sung Pil, P, 2014, Harmonizing Public and Private International Law: Implications of the Apple vs. Samsung IP Litigation, Journal of East Asia International Law, 7, 2, pp. 351-378. Walker, M., 2015, The Arbitration Clause Hidden in Many Consumer Contracts , Consumer Reports. Retrieved on August 20, 2016. Walsh, C 2010, The Uses And Abuses Of Party Autonomy In International Contracts, University Of New Brunswick Law Journal, 60, pp. 12-31. Walt, SD 2015, The Modest Role Of Good Faith In Uniform Sales Law, Boston University International Law Journal, 33, 1, pp. 37-73. Zanakopoulos, A, Tams, C 2013, Introduction: Domestic Courts as Agents of Development of International Law, Leiden Journal Of International Law, 26, 3, pp. 531-540.

Social Networking Has Become An Unquestionable Part free essay sample

On social sites you build relationships as you please. Youre never forced into any awkward situation, you can vent your problems, and you can laugh at the ins of others. Much like they do yours. My definition of social media varies from the previously stated one. Define a social network as a place where ideas, cultures, laughs, angers, and tears can be shared. A social site is all about getting in touch with people you know, slightly know, and absolute strangers. You connect with people across the state, nation and world.Social Medias allow new openings for everyday people. Not everyone can travel thousands or even hundreds of miles to get in touch. In todays world, technology is everything. People argue social sites take away hand-on social skills. But at the same time, they can build them. If you meet someone over a social site before in person, you save the awkward silences and the thoughts of if you should get comfortable with someone or not. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Networking Has Become An Unquestionable Part or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Essentially, a social site is the backbone of our current society.With technology becoming more advance, these sites allow us to put it to its full use. With updates on APS every 2 weeks to a month, we test out how well our and how far our technology has come. Social media is what allows us to travel across nations without leaving our home. We can experience and relate to other societies without spending undress and likely thousands of dollars. Social media is what allows us to free ourselves from an everyday stress, and be who we always dreamed we could be. Hogwash, this essay seems. But these are truths. Social networking isnt something the youth has created to shut out their parents, or something used to create drama. Social networking was created by adults, and taken on and pushed further by the youth. Social networking was created to do just that, en;rook. Connect.

Developing Global Supply Chain Quality Management Systems

Developing Global Supply Chain Quality Management Systems Introduction A streamlined supply chain ensures business efficiency and more productive business processes. Supply chain management involves the management of supply and demand, customer orders, inventory tracking, distribution channels and customer deliveries. Thus, in streamlining the supply chain, integration of all these business processes is essential.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Developing Global Supply Chain Quality Management Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the evolving global markets, stiff competition and technological advancements have made quality management in supply chains a challenge to quality managers. Supply chain management aims at enhancing sustainable organizational competitiveness and customer satisfaction. Often, supply chain management (SCM) emphasizes on customer delivery at reduced prices while quality management emphasizes on quality of goods or services at reduced pr ices. The article, ‘Developing global supply chain quality management systems’ by Kuei, Madu and Lin discusses a conceptual framework for the integration of the two approaches; SCM and quality management (2011, p. 4457). The article identifies system, design and decision variables as integral to any global supply chain quality management (SCQM) strategy. By using in-depth case studies of multinational companies in Taiwan, Kuei et al identified four essential themes of SCQM strategy: design, SCM, human resource management and leadership decision-making. According to Foster, quality management enhances communication in supply chains, which promotes partnerships along the supply chain and enhances customer relationship management (2009, p. 156). Kuei et al describe the CRM, enterprise-planning systems (ERP) and product lifecycle management (PLM) as systems that facilitate collaborations along the supply chains (2009, p. 4458). Their framework integrates the principles of q uality management in supply chains to enhance profitability and customer satisfaction.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Quality Management Principles Most multinational companies have adopted various models that incorporate quality management concepts into existing SCM models in order to confront the challenges of globalization. Kuei et al identify five main challenges that affect the supply chains quality: advanced technologies, environment conservation, partnerships, outsourcing and reducing wastes (2009, p. 4459). These pressures call for the need for quality management in supply chains. Specifically, quality management addresses SCM inadequacies such as leadership in supply chains, creation of a collaborative culture, management of logistical processes and customer cost requirements (Goetsch, Davis1997, p.148). The article highlights outsourcing as a viabl e option to modern enterprises for enhancing quality management in supply chains relative to vertical integration. It influences partnerships, logistics as well as the management of the supply networks and improves core competencies and productivity when properly implemented. Further, the critical factors in supply chains such as the management of consumer relationships, customer demand and multivendor interface require trust-based partnerships. The article identifies three key issues that can facilitate outsourcing as a SCQM initiative: creation of the CRM, decisions on outsourcing and management of logistics. One of the principles of quality management in supply chains is a cooperative relationship. According to Foster (2009, p. 144), collaboration among the supply chain participants results to improved performance. People can achieve this through frequent communication and trust-based relationships among the supply chain partners. Therefore, a cooperative approach through teamwor k rather than a competition contribute to improved performance of supply chains. Sustainability in global supply chains is another aspect of SCQM. Kuei et al posit that sustainable economics with regard to environmental protection is essential in today’s market that is environmentally conscious (2009, p. 4460). As a result, global enterprises should focus on environment protection initiatives such as recycling, inverse manufacturing, ISO 14000 certification and project assessment in order to remain competitive in today’s market. However, launching environmental protection initiatives in the whole supply chain often face leadership challenges.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Developing Global Supply Chain Quality Management Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leadership in SCM is indispensable in the implementation of quality culture with regard to environmental protection. Gorst, Kanji, and Walla ce (1998, p. 102) describe leadership as the base for quality management as they serve as role models to their employees to collaborate to improve the supply chain performance. The development of a culture of quality and sustainability in the whole supply chain is under the influence of the top management. Quality management in SCM also requires waste reduction especially during the manufacturing. Kuei et al argues that waste caused by over-production, poor inventory management and inefficient manufacturing processes has a significant impact on the overall performance of the supply chains (2009, p. 4461). One can achieve waste avoidance through strategic evaluation of processes such as manufacturing, transportation and raw material selection. They argue that people have to manage these processes effectively to reduce wastage. In addition, they identify the six-sigma projects as essential in waste reduction along the supply chain. Accordingly, Cavinato identifies an integrated proces s-production process, design process, delivery process and support process- among the supply chain members as critical for ensuring an efficient supply chain and minimizing errors in business and manufacturing processes (1992, p. 11). Thus, effective management of various processes is essential in waste avoidance along the supply chains. Quality management in operations of the supply chain relies on the development of communities. In this way, the global enterprises are able to respond to customer needs in the era of globalization. Through community development initiatives and philanthropy, modern enterprises collaborate with other supply chain partners in strengthening communities as a corporate social responsibility (Cavinato1992, p. 13). Thus, by developing communities, organizations must focus on the ultimate customer. According to Cooper and Elliram, customer satisfaction is central to SCQM (1993, p. 21). The customer is the central focus of community development in supply chai ns.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another quality management strategy for SCM is the adoption of modern technologies. Modern technologies in managerial, manufacturing and business processes have benefits not only for SCM but also for ERP and CRM as well (Kuei et al. 2009, p. 4461). Modern technologies facilitate decision making and planning to meet customer demands and establish supply networks. These technologies allow members of the supply chain to link one another and achieve overall competence and innovation. Cooper and Elliram (1993, p. 18) emphasizes the importance of information exchange along the supply chain especially with regard to improvement in the supply chain operation. Exchange of product information, demand forecast and information on the supply market facilitates the performance of the supply chain. The Quality Theory An integrated quality system in supply chains relies on three basic principles: cooperative relationships, customer focus and process improvement. Foster recommends an integrated appr oach to managing quality along the supply chains (2009, p. 149). He outlines a contingency perspective for integrating the quality principles in a supply chain strategy. The contingency perspective identifies the aspects specific to a situation and recommends for contextual application of an appropriate theory as a unified SCM theory is lacking. According to Foster, to resolve the differences among the SCM theories, an integrated approach is noteworthy (2009, p. 154). The integrated view encompasses various variables including leadership, quality assurance, employee improvement and customer focus. From the leadership front, leaders play a critical role through their decisions regarding quality improvement to achieve greater competitiveness. In the article, the authors identify a hybrid approach to decision-making along different levels. According to them, these are fundamental to SCQM strategy. The article also adopts a contingency perspective with regard to decision-making tools in SCQM. The employee improvement through training enhances productivity and quality improvement in supply chains. The article identifies three analytic hierarchical process (AHP) levels for quality improvement: tactical, strategic and environmental perspectives. From the tactical perspective, global enterprises must focus on employee attributes along the supply chain. Accordingly, top management must ensure competence development, behavior realization and creation of a quality culture along the supply chains. Another approach of ensuring quality along the supply chains is through quality assurance. Foster posits that quality design inspection of products and business processes is essential in quality improvement (2009, p. 150). The article reveals design for six sigma (DFSS) philosophy as a way of measuring and improving business processes. The aim of the DFSS is to prevent defects and reduce waste during business processes (Foster 2009, p. 149). The six-sigma management allows the i dentification, measurement and elimination of defects in a process to achieve a higher quality level. Customer focus is another essential approach for quality improvement. Organizations must be customer oriented i.e. understand the customer needs and try to meet them (Foster 2009, p. 151). One can realize this through customer relationship management (CRM) approach (Kuei et al. 2009, P. 4457). The involvement of all members at different levels of the supply chain also contributes to quality supply chains. Most importantly, strategic planning ensures that organizations manage their processes and activities for improved performance of the supply chains. In addition, continual improvement is essential to the success of the supply chains and achievement of greater organizational competitiveness. Thus, an integrated quality theory should encompass the principles of SCQM and the various variables of quality improvement. Implications of the Author’s Findings to Practice Based on in -depth interviews of senior executives, the authors identified four strategic areas with a potential for quality improvement in supply chains. These include the human resource management, the international standards, DFSS and supply chain management that are essential in achieving competence development and business growth. Further, from the AHP analysis, the authors established that human resource management and global leadership are essential aspects of quality improvement in organizations in the current trends of globalization. This finding recognizes the need for organizations to focus on personnel and leadership development to remain competitive in the future. The authors identify four aspects of personnel and leadership development: corporate ethics, change management, systems thinking and decision-making. The organizational commitment to personnel development stands out as critical to supply chain quality management in the modern globalized economy. The authors propose behavi or, structural and functional changes as well as competency developments in supply chains as ways organizations can mitigate the effects of globalization. Three issues of design components, hierarchy in decision-making and design in business processes are core to a quality global supply chain system proposed in the article (Kuei et al. 2009, P. 4463). Conclusion Global supply chains are essential to large enterprises as they allow them to compete effectively in the international market. However, SQCM is often a challenge to quality managers due to an increasingly competitive global market. The principles of quality management in supply chains aim at improving quality to achieve profitability and efficiency of supply chains. Kuei et al framework focuses on systems, design and problem-solving variables in achieving SQCM. Thus, framework provides an integrated approach to enhancing the quality in the global supply chains. References Cavinato, J., 1992. Identifying Interfirm total cost advantages for supply chain Competitiveness. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 27, pp. 10-15. Cooper, M., Elliram, L., 1993. Characteristic of Supply chain Management and the Implications for Purchasing and logistics Strategy. International Journal of Logistic Management, 4(2). pp. 13-24. Foster, T., 2009. Managing Quality: Integrating the Supply Chain. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall. pp. 156-172. Goetsch, D., Davis, B., 1997. Introduction to Total Quality: Quality Management for  Production, Processing and Services. London: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 147-154. Gorst, J., Kanji, G., Wallace, W., 1998. Providing Customer Satisfaction. Total Quality  Management, 9, pp. 100-105. Kuei, C., Madu, C., Lin, C., 2011. Developing global supply chain quality management Systems. International Journal of Production Research, 49 (15), pp. 4457–448.

Kentucky Fried Chicken Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kentucky Fried Chicken - Case Study Example Lastly, this discourse recommends the ideologies for improvising the organization's marketing efforts that can prove to be a share of positive assistance to its future. Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation, as discussed above, is the world's largest chain of chicken restaurants and is one of the paramount havens for fast-food round the globe. It is the most successful operator in United States as it has made significant ways to maintain its gradation in the international market. KFC offers a whole new variety of fried chicken products as it conjoins both stores as owned by the corporate and the franchise outlets. In response to the call for healthier cuisines from the consumers, the company has recently initiated with involvement in grilled chicken that has gathered enormous response. KFC is at present, owned by PepsiCo, which is also the owner of the Taco Bell fast-food operation. PepsiCo has installed its own management group on senior posts, whereas, the previous owners of KFC such as Heublein permitted senior managers to stay because of KFC's minor existence and familiarity to the world market. This correlation between KFC and PepsiCo has enabled both the brands to endorse their products with a strong financial background assisting to drive the expansion that is the way to prosperity. Marketing Environment Though many countries of the world are new to franchising as a method of expanding business, KFC has enjoyed success through its stores as owned by the corporate. It has been successful in expanding its operations in the foreign markets by out-stripping the fast-food industry as a whole. KFC has learned to develop and introduce new products as it has efficaciously utilized the opportunities that have come its way so far. Since, introduction of new products are the key to a company's prosperity, KFC has proved its metal in the international field as well. For several decades, where other fast-food corporations have recently introduced the expansion of their businesses in to the international market, KFC has witnessed its participation as a successful multi-national corporation. This has led to efficient familiarity with all the logistical and attribute complications as faced by the organizations which, in anyway, accompany to its operation as an international food functioning. It has, therefore, depicted its successful operations with host countries and businesses within the host country in order to establish an effectual strategy to work (LotsOfEssays.com). KFC has experienced success in availing enormous marketing opportunities in the US because of the recent relaxation of rules and regulations that could have hindered the American companies to conduct business. Though, franchising still needs to make a place within the world market, it is no longer a foreign concept to

Plan 9 from outer space(1959) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plan 9 from outer space(1959) - Essay Example s a powerful seer, whose predictions are beastly and terrible about reading his cue cards, he amazes viewers with his strange and incomprehensible predictions and monologues. Bela Lugosi died of a heart attack just a few days into the films shooting, but still appears in various scenes having assumed different shapes and forms. Gregory Walcott can be described as a pilot, hero, and Paulas husband, who courageously battles aliens and survives between his duties as a pilot. He is one person who never takes any lip from an alien, and will always punch first and later asks questions. Mona McKinnon, Gregory’s wife, is always quick to serve coffee and fast on her feet. Moreover, she possesses a brevity character. As she races through the cemetery land, Paula never surrenders the fight against the living people. Duke Moore is perfect when it comes to handling a firearm. However, he is also an intelligent investigator, as he helps uncover whoever is responsible for Inspector Clay†™s death. Maila Nurmi took her role in this film after her television series was cancelled, but on one condition: she would not be required to speak as the mission was already accomplished. Dudley Manlove, a solarbonite expert, will be more than happy to explain to the viewers how it works (The Monster Shack). Tor Johnson, who is described as super Swedish angel, rises from the dead, having a minor challenge in climbing out of his grave. Many people remember and also describe him as a gentle giant with a golden heart despite his intimidating appearance. Joanne Lee is also in the quest to conquering the Earth, while being beneficial for only advancing her race. Tom Keene is the head of "Saucer Field Activity"; Tom takes the fight against the aliens after they have destroyed a small town. John Breckinridge plays the role of the leader, which he does with a lot of vigor and skill (Angry Candy). An old man (Bela Lugosi), a resident of California, mourns the death of his wife (Vampire) and,

Denial of service attacks (DoS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Denial of service attacks (DoS) - Essay Example Additionally, DoS attack is sometimes called distributed denial-of-service attack  (DDoS attack). This sort of attacks (denial of service attack) may target users in an attempt to stop them from creating links on the network. However these connections may include outgoing transmission. In addition, a DoS attack may also target a whole corporation. In this scenario, it can stop incoming traffic or to prevent outgoing traffic towards network related applications. In this way this attack tries best to stop the victim from being usage of network links. Moreover, denial of service attack is straightforward in accomplishment as compared to gaining managerial access to a specific system from distant location. That’s why DoS attack gains popularity on the Internet (Chan et al., 2010) and (Tech-FAQ, 2011). DoS attacks can easily halt our computer machine or our network connection. However, it totally depends on the overall enterprise nature; it may efficiently disable our corporation network that may result in overall network failure. Thus it is true fact that some of the DoS attacks can easily be executed through inadequate possessions beside a huge sophisticated environment. We can clarify this situation with an example of an attacker having old personal computer along with a deliberate modem (that might be internal or external). This slow modem may perhaps be capable to halt our personal computers machines, hardware and sophisticated networks in a short time. Therefore we categorize this sort of attack as an asymmetric attack. Moreover, it totally depends on the attacker that which type of standard technique he/she adopts for the attack. For instance, if the attacker is a skilled person then he will create more problems for the firm. In this scenario, one of the major techniques that an attacker can use is about email messages which are known as spam. These phenomena will result in similar attack launching on our electronic mail account. In this situation, i t does not matter that whether the e-mail account we are using is provided by our company or we got it from a complimentary service that is provided to us by Hotmail, Gmail or Yahoo. In this scenario, another important factor for attacking on our computer is that sometimes services like Hotmail, Gmail or Yahoo provide us a limited storage (specific quota) which restricts the quantity of information that we can store in our account according to organizational rules and regulations. Hence storage space perhaps will be different at any certain time. In addition, this storage space will be consumed in a short amount of time as a result of sending a lot of large e-mail posts to the account; In this way an attacker can devour our storage space (specific quota), that prevents us from getting valid, useful or useful mails (TechTarget, 2007; Carnegie Mellon University , 2001; McDowell, 2009). Modes of attack A DoS attack can appear in different forms and varies in multiplicity of services. H owever, we can discuss modes of attack in following terms: Attacks due to Buffer Overflow Buffer Overflow is one of the most common types of Denial of service attack. It works simply by sending extra traffic towards a network. A thing that is necessary to define here is that networks are basically sophisticated in nature.

Examining Cross Cultural Communication In Organizations Cultural Studies Essay

Examining Cross Cultural Communication In Organizations Cultural Studies Essay Cross-cultural communication also referred to as intercultural communication which is a subset of organizational communication, and comprises verbal and non-verbal communication. This in turn involves transfers of information and knowledge between individuals in the organization with significantly different people in different languages and from different cultures. We define cross-cultural communication as a subject which focuses on the communicative activities of people from different cultural background and the essence and rules of the communicative activities (Jia, 1997, 563). Many cultures have their own etiquette when communicating. Communication can only be succeeded if messages are appropriately delivered and received. Especially in cross-cultural communication, two-sides of peoples are from two different countries with different culture, custom, thoughts and languages. This would make a successful communication more difficult to be reached. Miscommunication may lead to conflict, or more serious conflict that already exists. Therefore, it is important to explore the problems of cross-cultural communication, and the problems of deducing those rules of communicative appropriateness that are applied in the other culture. Furthermore, much discussion has focused on differences international negotiating styles. However, there is little attention to examine how and what degree language plays a significant role in a cross-cultural communication. Unfortunately, some monolingual experts believe that any languages can be completely transferred into another language. According Geoff Hart, 2007: Effective and good communication is very important to all organization. In todays business environment, in order to communicate with the outside world, it is essential to have successful communication skills in workplace. Cross-cultural communication in the workplace compounds certain problems. There is lack of interaction in the field of communication among individuals in the organization with significantly different ethnographic profiles. In addition, words imply different meaning in different languages. Much cross-cultural communication in workplace and worker within limited English speaking abilities and their cultural differences leads to misunderstanding and tension at the workplaces. Thus, business is taken very seriously in many cultures that often show up in the workplace. Misunderstandings and miscommunication can cause and enhance conflict in workplace. Within cross-cultural communication, our seemingly normal approaches to meaning-making and communication will never be clear enough that we can see them for what they are which is a set of lenses that shape what we see, hear, say understand, and interpret. Culture is linked to communication and a wide range of human experience including feelings, identity, and meaning-making. Communication is the vehicle by which meanings are conveyed and feelings are expressed. Both conflict and harmony are possible outcomes of any interaction as we communicate using different cultural habits between workers. According Charlotte-Mecklenburg Development Board (WDB), 2002: Cultural barriers between different cultures often cause much frustration, annoyance, and lead to problems that erode efficiency and effective in daily life. The biggest barriers to cross-cultural communication refer to language difficulties. Cultural barriers and language cannot be divided. This is because language carries the information of language and culture. Every kind of language is created and developed in a certain historical circumstance of society. Therefore, Language reflects the feature of nation. It contains not only the historical cultural background of this nation, but also the view of life, the way of life and the way of thought of this nation (Xiao, 1997:159). Some problem increase which are barriers caused by semantics, barriers caused by word connotations, barriers caused by tone differences and barriers caused by differences between perceptions. Barriers caused by semantics word meaning. As weve noted previously, words mean different things to different people. This is particularly true for people from different national cultures. Some words cannot translate and imply to English and special meaning to different people from different cultures. It is reflects the differences of culture most extensively. For example, to conduct business in Korea, you must understand the concept of Kibun, which does not translate into English. Its meaning is something similar to inner feelings or mood: people must communicate in a manner to enhance one anothers Kibun or risk creating an enemy and destroying the relationship (Mary Munter, 1993). Barriers caused by word connotations or implication of words. On the other hand, the meaning extent of a word and the connotation of future are not complete equivalent between different cultures. Negotiations between English and Japanese executive, for instance, are made more difficult because the Japanese word iie translates as no, but its connotation may be no, Im not studying, rather than No, I disagree. Barriers caused by tone differences or the mood or feeling your words convey. The tone changes depending expression of slang, feelings, emotions and thought. Slang may lead barriers to communication. For example, a conversation demonstrative between A and B dealing with slang. A: Will you really join? B: You kill me. It is very confuse for different people to understand the conversation because the sentence of B is slang. It means (If I wont join,) you kill me. The sentence of A is more polite while the sentence of B is more offhand. In some cultures tone is usually more formal, whereas in others it is more informal; in some it is more polite, in others more offhand; in some more impersonal, in others more personal; in some more dry, in others more colorful ( Mary Munter, 1993). Barriers caused by differences between perceptions. People who speak different languages from different cultures look into the world in different ways. Every country perceive different perceptions. PROBLEM THAT FACED IN CULTURES CONTEXT Any communication relies on the context in which it takes place, (Victor, 1992, 137). Some cultures rely on the context of communication much more than others. Contexting refers to the circumstances surrounding the exchange. To make an effective and successful communication, every people have to consider the cultural differences and the preeminent communication process in individualistic. Cultures context refers to high context and low text communication. High context refers to societies or groups where people have close connections over a long period of time while low context refers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter duration or for some specific reason. High contexts cannot carry the context information internally and hard to enter if as an outsider. Instead, low contexts are easy to enter if as an outsider because the environment contains the information and form relationships. The exchange of information between workers from high-context and low-context has to work together in cultural context occur the problems. These problems can be categorized as differences in direction, quantity and quality. High-context cultures like China adapt to their close friends, relatives and also to colleagues or in-group members at differences in direction employees. They communication with them mightily and exchange specific information regarding many different talks and topics. In comparison, like Germany, their direction of communication is orientated on personal characters and referred to situations as direction difference. They mostly communicate within their out-groups in a broad and dispersedly way as quantity difference. They exchange information through communication just to the necessary extent so that work can be done and will not discuss or exchange information in the work environment and colleagues as quality difference. In China, the workers discuss everything in advance and consider meetings where the already commonly agreed decision will be announced. The Germans in contrast inform the participating attendants in a meeting about the hard and necessary facts. The decision-making process takes place within the meeting. Besides this, communication is also related to appearance such as clothes and accessories. In cross-communication cultural, these is relating to the context including formal and informal, status and individuality. In Islam, Muslim women are expected to cover in their entirety including the face, except for their eyes, while in Western countries most women, even in a business context, will wear smart attire. Western cultures tend to gravitate toward low-context starting points, while Eastern and Southern cultures tend to use high-context communication.

Comparing God in Daisy Miller, Huck Finn, and Country of the Pointed Firs :: comparison compare contrast essays

Eliminating God in Daisy Miller, Huckleberry Finn, and The Country of the Pointed Firs      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The evils of the Civil War and the rise of empiricism caused many to doubt in an omniscient, all-powerful God.   Under empiricism, any statements about metaphysical entities (e.g. God, Unicorns, Love, and Beauty) would be meaningless terms because they cannot be proven by the scientific method. But with a loss of faith in God, what becomes of morality?  Ã‚   This essay will examine how Emily Dickinson, Sarah Orne Jewett, Henry James and Mark Twain wrote literature in this age coupled with war, inhumanity and despair in God.   This essay will show that: (1) Dickinson destroys any reliance on the Bible and a possibility of knowing God, but argues that one should instead praise Nature, which is tangible; (2) Jewett eliminates the omniscient narrator (or God-like figure) in The Country of the Poited Firs , and instead makes readers see life as valuable only   through human experiences and reveals the comfort of Nature; (3) Henry James eliminates God i n Daisy Miller by removing the omniscient narrator and instead causing readers to play god, by being the judge of Daisy and Winterbourne; (4) Mark Twain uses Huckleberry Finn to question any reliance on God, by poking fun of prayer and church revivals, and instead encouraging one to seek morality in one's conscience.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emily Dickinson learned versification through studying her church hymnal.   But rather than praise a God that has "hid his rare life" (338), she turned to praise Nature which was tangible and empirical.   Dickinson seemed to believe in a God: "I know that He exists" but the belief was greatly hindered by the existence of evil (primarily the atrocities brought on by the Civil War) wherein she penned that His right hand "is amputated now/ And God cannot be found" (1551).   This statement may not be as severe as Nietzche's "God is Dead," but one can probably imagine that Dickinson penned these words in tears. Because she believed that God could not be found, she attacked the Bible's ability to convey notions of God:   "The Bible is an antique Volume--/ Written by faded Men" (1545).   Dickinson found more companionship in her trusty dictionary (which helped define words) than a Bible (which was to define life).   To Dickinson, Nature was s upreme; Nature was tangible; Nature was real.   Dickinson needed empirical evidence and Nature provided it for her:   "'Nature' is what we see/ . Comparing God in Daisy Miller, Huck Finn, and Country of the Pointed Firs :: comparison compare contrast essays Eliminating God in Daisy Miller, Huckleberry Finn, and The Country of the Pointed Firs      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The evils of the Civil War and the rise of empiricism caused many to doubt in an omniscient, all-powerful God.   Under empiricism, any statements about metaphysical entities (e.g. God, Unicorns, Love, and Beauty) would be meaningless terms because they cannot be proven by the scientific method. But with a loss of faith in God, what becomes of morality?  Ã‚   This essay will examine how Emily Dickinson, Sarah Orne Jewett, Henry James and Mark Twain wrote literature in this age coupled with war, inhumanity and despair in God.   This essay will show that: (1) Dickinson destroys any reliance on the Bible and a possibility of knowing God, but argues that one should instead praise Nature, which is tangible; (2) Jewett eliminates the omniscient narrator (or God-like figure) in The Country of the Poited Firs , and instead makes readers see life as valuable only   through human experiences and reveals the comfort of Nature; (3) Henry James eliminates God i n Daisy Miller by removing the omniscient narrator and instead causing readers to play god, by being the judge of Daisy and Winterbourne; (4) Mark Twain uses Huckleberry Finn to question any reliance on God, by poking fun of prayer and church revivals, and instead encouraging one to seek morality in one's conscience.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emily Dickinson learned versification through studying her church hymnal.   But rather than praise a God that has "hid his rare life" (338), she turned to praise Nature which was tangible and empirical.   Dickinson seemed to believe in a God: "I know that He exists" but the belief was greatly hindered by the existence of evil (primarily the atrocities brought on by the Civil War) wherein she penned that His right hand "is amputated now/ And God cannot be found" (1551).   This statement may not be as severe as Nietzche's "God is Dead," but one can probably imagine that Dickinson penned these words in tears. Because she believed that God could not be found, she attacked the Bible's ability to convey notions of God:   "The Bible is an antique Volume--/ Written by faded Men" (1545).   Dickinson found more companionship in her trusty dictionary (which helped define words) than a Bible (which was to define life).   To Dickinson, Nature was s upreme; Nature was tangible; Nature was real.   Dickinson needed empirical evidence and Nature provided it for her:   "'Nature' is what we see/ .

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Eight

Bonnie didn't have her keys. She knew exactly where they were, but that didn't do her much good: they were lying on the bedside table next to Zander's neat plain single bed. She cursed and kicked at the door, tears running down her face. How was she going to get any of her stuff back? Some guy opened the front door of the building for her. â€Å"Jeez, relax,† he said, but Bonnie had already pushed past him and was running up the stairs to her room. Please let them be here, she thought, clinging to the banister, please. She had no doubt that Elena and Meredith would comfort her, would help her, no matter what she had said to them during their fight. They would help Bonnie figure out what to do. But they might be out. And she'd have no idea where to find Meredith and Elena, no idea where they spent their free time these days. How had she grown so far apart from her best friends? Bonnie wondered, wiping her hands across her cheeks, smearing away her tears and snot. Why had she treated them so badly? They were just trying to protect her. And they were right about Zander; they were so right. She snuffled miserably. When she reached the top of the stairs, Bonnie banged on their room door with her fist, hearing quick movement inside. They were home. Thank God. â€Å"Bonnie?† Meredith said, startled, when she opened the door, and then, â€Å"Oh, Bonnie,† as Bonnie threw herself, sobbing, into Meredith's arms. Meredith hugged her, tight and fierce, and, for the first time since she had jumped away from Zander and run for the fire escape, Bonnie felt safe. â€Å"What's the matter, Bonnie? What happened?† Elena was behind Meredith, peering at her anxiously, and part of Bonnie noticed that Elena's own white and startled face was marked with tears. She was interrupting something, but Bonnie couldn't focus on that now. Past Elena, she caught sight of herself in the mirror. Her hair stood out around her face in a wild red cloud, her eyes were glassy, and her pale face was smeared with dirt and tears. I look, Bonnie thought with a semihysterical silent laugh, like I was chased by werewolves. â€Å"Werewolves,† she wailed as Meredith pul ed her into the room. â€Å"They're al werewolves.† â€Å"What are you – † Meredith broke off. â€Å"Bonnie, do you mean Zander and his friends? They're werewolves?† Bonnie nodded furiously, burying her face against Meredith's shoulder. Meredith pushed her back and looked careful y into her eyes. â€Å"Are you sure, Bonnie?† she asked gently. She looked to Elena, and they both turned and glanced out the window at the sky. â€Å"Did you see them change? It's not the ful moon yet.† â€Å"No,† Bonnie said. She tried to catch her breath, taking harsh sobbing gulps of air. â€Å"Zander told me. And then – oh, Meredith, it was so scary – I ran, and they chased me.† She explained what happened, on the roof and on the lawns of the col ege. Meredith and Elena looked at each other quizzical y, then back at Bonnie. â€Å"Why did he tel you?† Elena asked. â€Å"He couldn't have thought you would have a good reaction to the news; it would have been easier to keep hiding it.† Bonnie shook her head helplessly. Meredith arched an ironic eyebrow at her. â€Å"Even monsters can fal in love,† she said. â€Å"I thought you knew that, Elena.† She glanced at her hunting stave, leaning against the foot of her bed. â€Å"When the ful moon comes, now I'l know what to look for.† Bonnie stared at her in horror. â€Å"You're not going to hunt them, are you?† It was a stupid question, she knew. If Zander and his friends real y were behind the murders and disappearances on campus, Meredith had to hunt them. It was her responsibility. Al of their responsibilities, real y, because if they were the only ones who knew the truth, they were the only ones who could keep everyone else safe. But Zander, something inside her howled in pain. Not Zander†¦ â€Å"None of the attacks occurred during a ful moon,† Elena said thoughtful y, and Meredith and Bonnie both blinked at her. â€Å"That's true,† Meredith agreed, frowning as she thought back. â€Å"I don't know how we didn't realize that before. Bonnie,† she said. â€Å"Think careful y before you answer this question. You've been spending a lot of time with Zander and his friends. Did anything about them make you think they might hurt someone, real y hurt them, when they're not in wolf form?† â€Å"No!† Bonnie said automatical y. Then she stopped and thought and said, more slowly, â€Å"No, I don't think so. Zander's real y kind, I don't think he could fake that. Not al the time. They play rough, but I've never seen them fight with anyone except one another. And even with one another, they're not real y fighting, just more sort of messing around.† â€Å"We know what you mean,† Meredith said dryly. â€Å"We've seen it.† Elena tucked a lock of hair behind her ear. â€Å"The disappearances weren't during the ful moon, either,† she said thoughtful y. â€Å"Although I guess they could have been taking people and holding them prisoner, planning to kil them when they were in wolf form later, but that doesn't – I mean, I don't have much werewolf experience besides Tyler, but – it doesn't sound very wolfy to me. Too sterile, sort of.† â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie sank down on her bed. â€Å"You think there's a chance Zander and his friends might not be the kil ers? Then who are the kil ers?† She felt bewildered. Meredith and Elena exchanged a grim glance. â€Å"You wouldn't believe some of the stuff that happens on this campus,† Elena said. â€Å"We'l fil you in.† Bonnie rubbed her face with her hands. â€Å"Zander told me he was a good werewolf,† she said. â€Å"That he didn't hurt people. Is that possible? Is there even such a thing as a good werewolf?† Meredith and Elena sat down next to her, one on each side, and wrapped their arms around her. â€Å"Maybe?† Elena said. â€Å"I real y hope so, Bonnie. For your sake.† Bonnie sighed and cuddled closer to them, resting her head on Meredith's shoulder. â€Å"I need to think about al this,† she said. â€Å"At least I'm not alone. I'm so glad I have you guys. I'm sorry we fought.† Elena and Meredith both hugged her more tightly. â€Å"You've always got us,† Elena promised. A wild hammering came at the door. Elena glanced at Bonnie, who tensed visibly on her bed but kept her hands over her face, and then at Meredith, who nodded firmly to her and climbed to her feet, reaching for her stave. It had occurred to both of them that, if Zander wanted to talk to Bonnie, he knew exactly where she lived. Elena flung open the door, and Matt tumbled in. He was wearing a long black hooded robe, and his eyes were frantic as he gasped for breath. â€Å"Matt?† she said in surprise, and looked to Meredith, who gave a tiny shrug and put her stave back down. â€Å"What's the matter? And what are you wearing?† He grabbed Elena by the shoulders, holding her too tightly. â€Å"Stefan's in danger,† he said, and she froze. â€Å"The Vitale Society – they're vampires. Stefan saved me, but he can't fight them al .† He quickly explained what happened in the secret chamber below the library, how Stefan came to his rescue, then sent him to get help. â€Å"We don't have much time,† he finished. â€Å"They're kil ing – they're changing al the pledges into vampires. I don't even know what Ethan's got planned for Stefan. We have to go back. And we need Damon.† Meredith picked up her stave again and, grim faced, was taking her satchel of weapons from her closet. Bonnie was on her feet, too, fists clenched, jaw firm. â€Å"I'l cal Damon,† Elena said, picking up her phone. Damon had dropped her off at the dorm after walking her back from James's house, but he was probably stil nearby. Stefan in danger. If he †¦ if anything happened to him, if something happened while they were apart, while he was stil hurt and it was her fault, Elena would never forgive herself. She wouldn't deserve to be forgiven. Guilt was like a knife in her stomach. How could she have hurt Stefan like that? She was attracted to Damon, sure, even loved him, but she'd never had any question that Stefan was her true love. And she had broken his heart. She'd do anything to save Stefan. She'd die for him if she had to. And, as she listened to the ringing on the other end of the line and waited for Damon to pick up, she realized that there was no question in her mind that Damon would do anything to save Stefan, too.